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Rh "dug in," since the hypothesis is infringed. Put bluntly, the condition represented in Fig. 8 illustrates the complete impotence of small forces in the presence of one of overwhelming power. Once more we are led to contrast the ancient conditions, under which the weapons of a large army could not be brought to bear, with modern conditions, where it is physically possible for the weapons of ten thousand to be concentrated on one. Macaulay's lines

belong intrinsically to the methods and conditions of the past.

§ 36. The N-square Law in Naval Warfare. We have already seen that the n-square law applies broadly, if imperfectly, to military operations; on land however, there sometimes exist special conditions and a multitude of factors extraneous to the hypothesis whereby its operation may be suspended or masked. In the case of naval warfare, however, the conditions more strictly conform to our basic assumptions, and there are comparatively few disturbing factors. Thus, when battle fleet meets battle fleet, there is no advantage to the defender analogous to that secured by the entrenchment of infantry. Again, from the time of opening fire, the individual ship is the mark of the gunner, and there is no phase of the battle or range at which areas are searched in a general way. In a naval battle every shot fired is aimed or directed at some definite one of the enemy's ships; there is no firing on the mass or "into the brown." Under the old conditions of the sailing-ship and cannon of some 1,000 or 1,200 yards maximum effective range, advantage could be taken of concentration within limits; and an examination of the latter 18th century tactics makes it apparent that with any ordinary