Page:Aerial Flight - Volume 1 - Aerodynamics - Frederick Lanchester - 1906.djvu/60

§ 28 a state of seething turbulence, where the wake and counterwake currents are mingling. If the point of observation is sufficiently remote, the orbital motion may be detected, even in the case of the normal plane, beyond the immediate reach of the wake turbulence.

§ 29. Displacement due to Fluid in Motion.—It has been shown (§ 15) that the fluid in the neighbourhood of the path of flight of a streamline body undergoes displacement, and that the total displacement is equal to the volume of the body. It might be expected in the case of the normal plane, which possesses no volume, that the displacement would be nil, and such would doubtless be the case if the form of flow were that of the Eulerian theory.

In actuality the normal plane, in common with bodies of bluff form, carries a quantity of fluid bodily in its wake, which from the present point of view becomes in effect part of the body, so that the displacement manifests itself just as if the plane were possessed of volume. This is characteristic of all bodies that give rise to discontinuous motion; the displacement is greater than the actual volume of the body. If there were no mingling of the wake and counterwake currents, the displacement would be infinite, for the counterwake current would persist indefinitely.

In the case of a streamline body, a certain amount of fluid is carried along with the body by viscosity, and this similarly increases the effective displacement volume.

It would appear from actual observation that, where the displacement is due to the attendant fluid, the outer streamlines have a motion closely resembling that produced by a streamline body, but that those nearer the axis of flight terminate in the turbulent wake; the commencement of the orbit is all that can be seen.

§ 30. Examples illustrating Effects of Discontinuous Motion.—On the practical importance of the study of motion of the discontinuous type it is unnecessary to dwell. It is at present the