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109 all they knew even to their sons. Unfortunately this kind of enviousness still lingers in the minds of professional men to this day. It is a great pity. In ancient times it was admitted that India was the most civilized country in the world. Now that reputation has long been lost. One other good reason for this change strikes me. After Sankarachari, Ramanujachari, and Madhvachari had, respectively, established the three systems of Hindu philosophy, vtz.y the Advita, the Visishtadvita, and the Dvita, the Hindus became divided into three sects known either by the name of the founder or by the system of philosophy each followed. All the systems were professedly based upon the Vedas and other religious works and upon the various commentaries on these works. Sharp antagonism arose between the different sects, who in their ardour to support the system each followed, neglected science