Page:Advanced Automation for Space Missions.djvu/89

 {| !Material !Representative uses !Source !Source material concentration !Beneficiation and processing considerations !Abundance and occurrence
 * +Table 4.2.- Typical Lunar Resource Availability
 * Regolith, not chemically or mechanically separated||Reaction mass, radiation shielding, thermal shielding, spun glass, sintered building material||Regolith||100% of surface material||Handling of dust, excavating||Ubiquitous
 * Basalt, not chemically separated||Cast basalt for construction||Basaltic flows into maria||100% of subregolith and scattered fragments||Hard rock||Abundant in maria
 * Nonmetallics||Construction materials, special uses||Plagioclase and processing by-products||70 to 95% of highlands anorthositic rocks; 10 to 40% in mare basalts||Use anorthositic regolith or crush friable anorthosite; basalt is generally tough||Abundant in highlands
 * Al, Al2, Ca, CaO, Na, Na2O, Si, SiO2, O2||Metals for construction, ceramics, solar cells, reactants for chemical processing, life support||Plagioclase||70 to 95% of highlands anorthositic rocks; 10 to 40% in mare basalts||Use anorthositic regolith or crush friable anorthosite; basalt is generally tough||Abundant in highlands
 * Fe, FeO, Ti, TiO2, O2||Metals, pigments, life support, special uses||Ilmenite||2 to 20% in mare basalt and mare regolith||Size separation of regolith to concentrate ilmenite||Abundant in maria
 * Mg, MgO, Fe, FeO, Si, SiO2, O2</SUB>||Metals, ceramics, solar cells||Olivine||0 to 20% in mare basalt; 95% in dunite||Difficult to separate from basalt||Dunite is rare in sample collection, as breccia clasts
 * H<SUB>2</SUB>, H<SUB>2</SUB>O||Life support, fuels||Cold-trapped volatiles at lunar poles||Unknown||Significant technological development required||Occurrence has not been demonstrated
 * H<SUB>2</SUB>, C, N||Life support, organics||Solar wind trapped in regolith and soil breccia and buried possibly in polar cold traps||100 ppm in mature regolith and soil breccia||Direct thermal extraction; concentration of ilmenite or <60-um fraction enhances yield||Ubiquitous, but low grade
 * Zn, Pb, Cl, S, F, other volatile elements
 * rowspan=2|Industrial materials||Surface deposits on volcanic spherules and regolith fines||5 to 100 ppm concentrated at surfaces; may be higher locally||Requires technique development for low-grade extraction||Two known sources; others possible
 * P, Zr, F, Cl, Y, Cr||Major components in accessory minerals in KREEP, basalts, etc.||Minerals present in abundance <1% of rock; elements are substantially lower in abundance; local concentrations are conceivable||Exceedingly difficult to concentrate from dispersed source||No known concentrations
 * }
 * H<SUB>2</SUB>, H<SUB>2</SUB>O||Life support, fuels||Cold-trapped volatiles at lunar poles||Unknown||Significant technological development required||Occurrence has not been demonstrated
 * H<SUB>2</SUB>, C, N||Life support, organics||Solar wind trapped in regolith and soil breccia and buried possibly in polar cold traps||100 ppm in mature regolith and soil breccia||Direct thermal extraction; concentration of ilmenite or <60-um fraction enhances yield||Ubiquitous, but low grade
 * Zn, Pb, Cl, S, F, other volatile elements
 * rowspan=2|Industrial materials||Surface deposits on volcanic spherules and regolith fines||5 to 100 ppm concentrated at surfaces; may be higher locally||Requires technique development for low-grade extraction||Two known sources; others possible
 * P, Zr, F, Cl, Y, Cr||Major components in accessory minerals in KREEP, basalts, etc.||Minerals present in abundance <1% of rock; elements are substantially lower in abundance; local concentrations are conceivable||Exceedingly difficult to concentrate from dispersed source||No known concentrations
 * }
 * rowspan=2|Industrial materials||Surface deposits on volcanic spherules and regolith fines||5 to 100 ppm concentrated at surfaces; may be higher locally||Requires technique development for low-grade extraction||Two known sources; others possible
 * P, Zr, F, Cl, Y, Cr||Major components in accessory minerals in KREEP, basalts, etc.||Minerals present in abundance <1% of rock; elements are substantially lower in abundance; local concentrations are conceivable||Exceedingly difficult to concentrate from dispersed source||No known concentrations
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