Page:Adapting and Writing Language Lessons.pdf/293

CHAPTER 5 5. The parts of Swahili grammar that require the most effort from speakers of European languages are (1) the requirements of 'concord' which exist between nouns and other words (including verbs) that are related to them in the sentence, and (2) the internal structure of the verb phrase. 'concord' is treated in par. 17 - 26 of this synopsis; the verb phrase is covered in par. 29 - 70.

19. Demonstratives must agree with the nouns to which they refer. There are three series of demonstratives, typified by, , and. The series corresponds closely to many of the uses of English 'this, these:'

The series corresponds to 'that, those' when the noun is already sufficiently identified either by having been mentioned before, or by being near to the hearer:

The series corresponds to 'that, those' when the noun is in need of further identification either through pointing, or through use of words: