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, with whom, , and join, concurring in the judgment.

Sections 32(1)(a) and 43(a)(1)(A) of the Lanham Act prohibit trademark infringement and unfair competition activities that are “likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.” 60 Stat. 437, 441, as amended, 15 U. S. C. §§1114(1)(a), 1125(a)(1)(A). The issue in this case is whether, and to what extent, these provisions apply to activities that occur in a foreign country. I agree with the majority’s conclusion that the decision below must be vacated. I disagree, however, with the extraterritoriality framework that the Court adopts today. In my view, §§32(1)(a) and 43(a)(1)(A) of the Lanham Act extends to activities carried out abroad when there is a likelihood of consumer confusion in the United States.

This Court previously considered the extraterritoriality of the Lanham Act in Steele v. Bulova Watch Co., 344 U. S. 280 (1952). There, the Court applied the Lanham Act to trademark infringement and unfair competition activities that occurred abroad but confused consumers in the United