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14 U. S., at 269. The use of a mark—even confined to one country—will often have effects that radiate to any number of countries. And when determining exactly what form of abstract consumer confusion is sufficient in a given case, the Judiciary would be thrust into the unappetizing task of “navigating foreign policy disputes belong[ing] to the political branches.” Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC, 584 U. S. ___, ___ (2018) (, concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (slip op., at 1). If enough countries took this approach, the trademark system would collapse.

This tension has not been lost on other sovereign nations. The European Commission gravely warns this Court against applying the Lanham Act “to acts of infringement occurring … in the European Union” and outside of the United States. Brief for European Commission on Behalf of the European Union as Amicus Curiae 4 (emphasis added). To “police allegations of infringement occurring in Germany,” it continues, would be an “unseemly” act of “meddling in extraterritorial affairs,” given “international treaty obligations that equally bind the United States.” Id., at 28. As the Commission and other foreign amici recognize, the “system only works if all participating states respect their obligations, including the limits on their power.” Id., at 29; see also, e.g., Brief for German Law Professors as Amici Curiae 12; Brief for Guido Westkamp as Amicus Curiae 2–3. It thus bears repeating our longstanding admonition that “United States law governs domestically but does not rule the world.” Microsoft Corp., 550 U. S., at 454.

In sum, we hold that §1114(1)(a) and §1125(a)(1) are not extraterritorial and that the infringing “use in commerce” of a trademark provides the dividing line between foreign and domestic applications of these provisions. Under the Act, the “term ‘use in commerce’ means the bona fide use of a mark in the ordinary course of trade,” where the mark