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Rh sovereign territory in which it is registered or legally recognized as a mark.” 5 McCarthy §29:1, at 29–4 to 29–5. Thus, each country is empowered to grant trademark rights and police infringement within its borders. See, e.g., ibid.; Ingenohl v. Olsen & Co., 273 U. S. 541, 544 (1927); A. Bourjois & Co. v. Katzel, 260 U. S. 689, 692 (1923).

This principle has long been enshrined in international law. Under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, July 14, 1967, 21 U. S. T. 1583, T. I. A. S. No. 6923, a “mark duly registered in a country of the Union shall be regarded as independent of marks registered in other countries of the Union,” and the seizure of infringing goods is authorized “on importation” to a country “where such mark or trade name is entitled to legal protection.” Arts. 6(3), 9(1), id., at 1639, 1647. The Convention likewise provides mechanisms for trademark holders to secure trademark protection in other countries under the domestic law of those countries. Arts. 2(1), 4(1)–(2), id., at 1631–1632; see also 5 McCarthy §29:1, at 29–6 to 29–7; Protocol Relating to Madrid Agreement Concerning International Registration of Marks, June 27, 1989, T. I. A. S. No. 03–112, S. Treaty Doc. No. 106–41 (entered into force Dec. 1, 1995) (providing mechanisms for the extension of trademark protection to multiple jurisdictions under domestic law). The Lanham Act, which is designed to implement “treaties and conventions respecting trademarks,” §1127, incorporates this territorial premise, mandating that registration of a foreign trademark in the United States “shall be independent of the registration in the country of origin” and that the rights of that mark in the United States are governed by domestic law, §1126(f).

Because of the territorial nature of trademarks, the “probability of incompatibility with the applicable laws of other counties is so obvious that if Congress intended such foreign application ‘it would have addressed the subject of conflicts with foreign laws and procedures.’ ” Morrison, 561