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374 374 Appendix I 1ST TO 20TH CENTURIES, A. D. General History Augustus Cae- sar, emper- or. Growing de- cay of em- pire. Goths and Barbarians begin to p e netrat e Roman em pire. Constantine, emperor. Empire divid- ed. Constantinople centre of learning and art. Sack of Rome by Alaric. Fall of Rome. 438. Religion and Charity Persecution of Christians. Intermittent per- secutions. Christianity tolerated but not recognized Christianity made Decline of learn state 324. religion Science and Medicine Celsus— g r e a t physician — Alexandrian School. Dioscorides — writer on ma- teria medica. Soranus of Ephe sus, gynaeco- logist. Galen 70 A.D. Military medi cine in Rome well organized Professional stat- us of medi- cine declining, many quacks. Great pestilence over whole empire. All charitable work taken over by church. Beginning of re- ligious com- munities. Franks _ accept Christianity. ing. No medi' cal leaders. Nestorians found medical school at Edessa. Nursing Christianity opens new careers for women ; deacon- esses, widows, virgins, in visit- ing nursing. Phebe of Cen- chrea, first dea- coness, 60-70. Deaconess orders spread — attain high point in Eastern church Important Roman women take up nursing, hospital organization and charitable work — Olympia, Ma- crina, Marcella Fabiola, Paula Helen, mother of Constantine St. Theodosia, skilled in medi cine and sur- gery. Decline of deacon ess orders ir Westernchurch. Hospitals In Eastern church homes of Christians open to sick. Houses of dea- c o n s and deaco n esse s become hos- pitals called Diakonia. Xenodochia es- tablished in Eastern church dio- ceses; take all classes of poor as well as sick. St. Ephrem opens hos- pital wards at Edessa for sick only- Basilias Xeno- dochium 370 A.D. Fabiola's house first Christian hos- pital inRome. Great activity in building hospitals and abbeys