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 402 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. Features such as pinnacles are larger the higher they occur, and therefore scale is destroyed, as at Cologne, whereas in English and French work the features do not increase in size. G. Ornament (No. 174). — Foliage was treated in a naturalesque manner, and the interlacing of boughs and branches is a common feature (No. 174 a, c, j). In general, the carving was superior to the design, the tracery of later windows sometimes repre- senting the branches of trees (" branch tracery"), in which technical display was more considered than grace of outline. The Tabernacles or Sacrament Houses were developed in this period, being placed at one side and forming a lofty and tower- like structure, tapering upwards in many stages. They form an important feature of German decorative art, dating from the time that the consecrated Host above the altar went out of use. They are of stone or wood, and either placed against a wall or isolated ; and were used to keep the "pyx" with the eucharist, the shrine itself being closed by a pierced iron grating. They usually represented a Gothic spire with its traceried windows, pinnacles, statuary decoration, and canopies, all erected in miniature. Examples are found throughout Germany, and they are some- times of great height, as at Ratisbon (52 feet), Ulm (90 feet), and the Lorenz Kirche, Nuremburg (64 feet). Stained glass and ironwork were well treated, and in many cases were most elaborate. The enforced use of brick in the north was unsuitable for the employment of sculptured work, and in its place moulded and colored brickwork was used as a means of decoration, and the interiors are plain and bare in character. 5. REFERENCE BOOKS. Boisserde (S.). — " Histoireet description da la Cathedrale de Cologne." 4to and folio. Munich, 1843. Foerster (E. J.). — " Denkmaeler Deutscher Baukunst." 12 vols., folio. Leipzig, 1855-1869. Hartel(A.). — " Architektonische Detaile und Ornamente der Kirch- lichen Baukunst." 2 vols., folio. Berlin, 1891. King (T. H.). — "Study-Book of Mediaeval Architecture and Art." 4 vols., 4to. 1858-1868. Liibke (W.). — " Ecclesiastical Art in Germany." 8vo. 1873. Moller (G.). — " Denkmaeler der Deutschen Baukunst." Folio. Leipzig, 1852. Piittrich (L.). — " Denkmaeler der Baukunst der Mittelalters in Sachsen." 4 vols., folio. Leipzig, 1836-1850. Whewell (W.). — " Architectural Notes on German Churches." 1842. Scott (Sir Walter). — " Anne of Gierstein." (Historical Novel.)