Page:A history of architecture on the comparative method for the student, craftsman, and amateur.djvu/411

 ENGLISH GOTHIC (THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE). 353 the spandrels thus formed being filled with tracery or carving (No. 148 M, n). Windows consist mainly of mullions producing a perpendicular effect, hence the name of the period. The earliest are probably those at Winchester Cathedral (No. 124), executed under William of Wykeham, and having mullions continued vertically their whole height (Nos. 137 G and 142), stopping against the main arch, and strengthened by horizontal transoms. In many cases they are of enormous size, converting the west end into a wall of glass, as at S. George's Chapel, Windsor (No. 133), the east window at Gloucester (38 feet wide by 72 feet high), and King's College Chapel (No. 142 o). Doorways were generally finished with a square label over the arch, and the spandrel filled with ornament, as shown in the doorway of Merton College, Oxford (No. 143 j). Lofty clerestories are general, and the space of the triforium (Nos. 124 F and 137 g) is occupied by panels, as at S. George's Chapel, Windsor, or by niches for statuary, as at Henry VII. 's Chapel. D. Roofs. — Open timber roofs of low pitch and of the hammer- beam construction abound ; they were often richly ornamented with carved figures of angels, and with pierced tracery (No. 113), many examples existing in Norfolk. The roof of Westminster Hall (No. 113 h), erected m 1399, covers an area of nearly half an acre, being one of the largest roofs unsupported by pillars in the world. The later roofs in the style became nearly flat (Nos. 70 J and 133). Fan vaulting (No. 112) is characteristic of the later periods (page 288), Henry VII. 's Chapel (No. 129), King's College Chapel, Cambridge, and S. George's Chapel, Windsor, as well as the vaults of the central towers of Canterbury and Gloucester Cathedrals, are well-known examples. E. Columns. — Piers (No. 146) are generally oblong on plan, and placed diagonally with their greater dimension north and south, caused by the vaulting shaft being taken up from the ground, on the front of the pier and not between the arches. The characteristic pier consists of four circular shafts connected by hollows, and with two fillets, these mouldings being carried round the arch. Capitals are sometimes polygonal on plan, and few have the abacus and bell perfectly defined, the mouldings being weaker and less effective (No. 146). Carved capitals have foliage of conventional character, shallow and square in outline (No. 148 l). Bases to piers are often polygonal on plan and a typical moulding is the "bracket" mould (No. i46'*'^). F. Mouldings. — These were arranged on diagonal planes (No. 146), being wide and shallow, and often large and coarse. F.A. A A