Page:A history of architecture on the comparative method for the student, craftsman, and amateur.djvu/227

 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. 169 erected of this order. It was used without a base, the capital having a plain square abacus, beneath which is the echinus (No. 40 d), whose outline varies in different examples. The pro- portions of the columns proceed from extreme sturdiness in the early examples to great refine- ment in the late ones, and the shaft is usually fluted. The archi- trave overhangs the face of the column (Nos. 16 and 38 a), and the triglyphs are over the central axes of the columns, except at theangles, where the endtriglyph appears at the extremity of the frieze (No. 16 a). The channels in the triglyph are rounded off at the top. The mutules, placed over tri- glyph and metope are much inclined. The Ionic Order (No. 38 c) was used with great refinement by the Greeks. The distinctive capital has the scrolls showing on two sides only, although an example of angle volutes is found in a special case at Bassae (Nos. 27 and 29). The Corinthian Order (No. 38 e) was little used by the Greeks, and the examples remaining are thought by some to indicate the decline of Greek art, in that sculpture, as such, gave way to mere carving. The order was practically not introduced till the later age, although the earliest known example, viz., that in the cella of the Temple of Apollo Epi- carius at Bassas, dates from B.C. 430. It appears to have been principally used in small buildings only, such as the choragic Monumentof Ly sicrates (No. 38 e), and the octagonal Tower of the Winds at Athens, or internally in buildings of greater size. The Temple of splendour and magnificence. The Temple of Hercules at Cora is the only temple in the style, but engaged columns occur in the Theatre of Marcellus. The Romans added a base, varied the abacus and echinus, and modified the cornice, adding a dentil course. The columns were less sturdy and the flutes were sometimes omitted. The archi- trave does not overhang the face of the column, but is in a line vertical with it (No. 38 b). In this order as approved by Palla- dio and others the triglyphs in the frieze were over the central axes of the columns, even at the angle. The channels in the triglyph have square angles at the top. The mutules, usually placed over the triglyph only, are but slightly inclined. The Ionic Order (No. 38 d) differed from the Greek chiefly as regards the typical capital, which usually had angle volutes, thus showing the face of the scrolls on each side. The entablature is of a richer description. The Corinthian Order (No. 38 f) was the favourite of the Romans, and was used in the largest temples, as those of Castor and Pollux (Nos. 67 A, 68) and Ves- pasian at Rome. The capital is rich, the acanthus leaves sur- rounding the "bell" often being naturalistic in character and derived from the leaves known as the "acanthus mollis," which are blunt-ended and flat in sec- tion, or from the olive leaf, as in the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The entablature is very much en- riched by ornamentation, pro- bably derived from the painted work of the Greeks. The archi- trave has numerous and enriched mouldings, and the frieze is fre- quently carved with the acanthus