Page:A history of architecture on the comparative method for the student, craftsman, and amateur.djvu/142

 84 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. The Temple of Artemis (Diana), Ephesus (b.c. 330) (No. 31 A, Bj, occupied the site of two previous temples. The oldest archaic temple (No. 29 h, j, k), erected from the designs of Ctesiphon (e.g. 550), was burnt in b.c. 400. It was either restored or rebuilt by the architects Paeonius and Demetrius, of Ephesus, but was again burnt in b.c 356, on the night of Alexander's birth. The later temple, regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world, was erected in b.c 330, in the time of Alexander the Great. The site of the temple was discovered by the architect Wood in i86g — 74, and many of the remains both of the archaic and later temples are now in the British Museum. The building rested on a lower stylobate of four steps, having at each end an additional flight of steps, placed between the first and second rows of columns, in order to reach the upper platform. Conjecturally restored by the late Dr. Murray, by the aid of Pliny's description, the plan is dipteral octastyle, having double ranges of twenty columns on each flank. In addition to the cella, there were a pronaos, posticum, treasury, opisthodomos, and staircases leading to the roof. Pliny mentioned that the temple had one hundred columns, thirty-six of which were sculptured on the lower drum, but he does not mention the sixteen front and rear columns with square sculptured pedestals, which are shown on a lower level, so that their top surface is level with the upper platform. Behind these at each end are eight of the columns with sculptured drums, two being placed in antis to the pronaos and posticum, thus making the thirty-six columns with sculptured drums mentioned by Pliny. The cella is believed to have had superimposed columns to carry the roof. The building externally must have been one of the most impressive among Greek temples, owing to its size, and the sculpture on the above-mentioned square sub-pedestals and thirty- six circular drums, whicl: were probably suggested by the archaic temple, are distinctive of this building. The Temple of Apollo Didymseus, near Miletus (b.c. 335 — 320), was by the architects Pctonius of Ephesus and Daphne of Miletus. There was an archaic temple having seated figures on either side and a lion and sphinx, which were dedicatory offerings to Apollo. (Ten of these seated figures and the lion and sphinx are in the aichaic room of the British Museum.) This archaic temple was destroyed by the Persians under Darius, on the suppression of the Ionic revolt in b.c 496. The new temple is referred to by Strabo, who says, " In after times, the inhabi- tants of Miletus built a temple which is the largest of all, but which on account of its vastness remains without a roof, and there now exists inside and outside precious groves of laurel bushes." The building is dipteral decastyle on plan, the cella being hypaethral. It has a very deep pronaos, having beyond it an