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28 co-operative stores, there are a dozen or more in Tōkyō, Yokohama, and Northern Japan.

The perfect organization of these modern unions is due largely to the efforts of a young man named Sen Katayama, who is the champion of the rights of the laboring man in Japan. He spent ten years in America and made a special study of social problems. He is the head of Kingsley Hall, a social settlement of varied activity in the heart of Tōkyō, and editor of the "Labor World," the organ of the working classes. That the changes rapidly taking place in the industrial life of Japan will raise up serious problems, there is no doubt; what phases they will assume cannot he foreseen. But "socialistic" ideas are carefully repressed in modern Japan.

"Japan and its Trade" and "Advance Japan" (Morris); "The Yankees of the East" (Curtis); "Japan in Transition" (Ransome), chap. x.; "The Awakening of the East" (Leroy-Beaulieu), chaps. iv. and v.; "Dai Nippon" (Dyer), chaps. viii. and xi.; and especially Rein's "Industries of Japan," in which the subject is treated in great detail with German thoroughness. But to keep pace with the rapid progress along industrial and commercial lines, one really needs current English newspapers and magazines, such as are mentioned in the chapter on "Language and Literature." The reports of the British and United States consular officials are also very useful in this respect.

"The Japan Year Book," issued annually, is a veritable cyclopedia of important facts and figures.