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HISTORY OF PRINTING.

how to do all manner of mischief to a good husband, for you hate them because they are better thanjyourself : had not you better imitate them, and pray to God to make you like them ? For what benefit have you in starving your wives and children, and making yourselves sots only fit for hell? Pray, brothers, mend your faults, and pray to God to give you repentance, and to mend for the time to come, that you may be reconciled to God and man, which I heartily wish. Elunor James."

Mrs. James, at her death, was a generous benefactress to the church of St. Bene't, Paul's- wharf, where she gave some plate ; and on a tablet in that church is this inscription :

Anno 1710, Mrs. EUnor James, to prevent ecandal, hu thooght lit to erect Uils tabletto atisty the world what she bas given to her children since her hosband's death.

And then follow several sums, amounting to a few hundred pounds, with the dates annexed, which were divided between her daughters Dive and Saunders ; and a lease for 23 years, worth £26 a-year.

On another tablet :

Anno 171a. Mrs. Elinor James did, in her life-time' give to the parish of St. Benedict, Paul's- wharf, for the use of the Communion-table, a large basin fnrbelowed and gilt, weigliing SS oz.— a large dish, embossed and gilt, 400Z.— a large salver, furbelowed and gilt, 41 oz. — a pair of embossed candlesticks and sodcets, SO oz. — a small dish, embossed and gilt, 7 oz. — a salver of 18 oz. and two others of U oz. each— one chalice, with a patten, S oz.— and two clialices without pattens, besides several other articles, and an embroidered valance for the pulpit.

In the library of Sion college are portraits of the father and mother of Mr. Georgfe James; and of his great-grandfather; which Mr. Mal- colm thus describes :

lHomas James,* 8.T.P. I8t7', et 57; first lieeperof the Bodldan libnuy at Oxford. Given by his grandson's wife. A florid countenance, full face, and white beard. DreSsed in a black gown, cap, and ruff.

Thomas James, Typoga.; proaented by his wifej a half- length picture, seateB in a chair, the legs and aims of which are spiral. He has a stem thin visage ; his hair brown, and part grev, and a white beard. His dress is a loose white gown, over an embroidered coatj laced band and mines, and black cap.

Mr. Thomas James had left his books by will to the use of the public, and the president and fellows of Sion college were indebted to his widow for giving them the preference.

1711, May 3. Died, Richabd Chiswell, an eminent bookseller in St. Paul's church-yard. John Dunton places him at the head of the most eminent of the profession in the three king- doms. "Mr. Richsurd Chiswell well deserves the title of Metropolitan bookseller of England, if not of all the world. His name at the bottom of a title-page does sufficiently recommend the book. He has not been known to print either a bad book, or on bad paper. He is admirably


 * See a short notice of him at page 454, ante.

well qualified for his business, and knows how to value a copy according to its worth ; witneas the purchase he has made of archbishop Tillot- son's 8vo. sermons. He was born in the parish of St. Botolph's, Aldgate, and was appointed one of the first directors of the bank in Uie origi- nal charter, and was buried in that church, wuh the following epitaph.

Ma. RicBAan Cbiswxli., a noted bookseller In St. Paul's ehnrch-ynid. Ilea burled in the north aiale of tUa church i and idao Ua father and mother, John and Maii^ ret Cblswell; and his first wife, Sarah, daughter of Jotai King ; and also live children, who died voong, wlMtn he had by Mary, daughter of Richard Roystoo, bodkaeiler, who lies buried in Christ church, London, by whom he had likewise three sons more ; John, who died in India, Richvd and Royston, who survived blm. Hewas born in this parish, Jan. 4, 1839, and died May 3, 17II. and wma • man of very great praise. As a memorial w h e r eof, bi* son Richard Chiswell, of London, merchant, caoaed a monument to be erected, which is against the wall in the south aisle.

A list of the principal books published by Mr. Chiswell, from 1676 to 1709 ; and some of the family epitaphs may be seen in the Gault- man'i Magazine, vol. Ixr. page 179.

I71I, Aug. 11. RoBEBT Freeeairn, James Watson, and John Basket, were appointed the royal printers in Scotland, for forty-one yean, from the expiration of the grant to Andrew Anderson. Robert Freebaim was the son of David Freebaim, who, while he was minister of Dunning was consecrated bishop of E^inbnrgb, Oct. 17, 1724, and died December 24, 1739. Robert was in the mean time settled at Edio- burgh as a bookseller, and in 1706 purchased of Mr. John Spottiswoode, an advocate, a printing- press, which he had established for printing law txKiks, Freebaim then began to print in 1706. It was on the 22d of October, 1707, that Walter Ruddiman, then aged 19, entered the printing business, having agreed with Mr. Robert Free- baim upon these terms, viz.: " That he should maintain himself, and the said Robert is to pay him joumeyman's wages whenever he shaO be able to work sufficiently; and it was provided, that the said Walter should stay with the said Robert, he furnishing him with work, and eiving him asgood wages as any in Edinburgh. In 1715, Walter Ruddiman was admitted a partner in the materiaU, but not tn the hmue, though both were equal sharers in the profit and loss. Walter Ruddiman was an athletic person ; having his brother's intellect without his brother's learn- ing. He was in every period an industrious printer, and an honest man. The two copart- ners were men of great prodence and happy tempers, which enabled them to live together, m the midst of much business, and frequent inter- course, for half a century, without a uspute, aad without jealousy.— Cfaalmer's Life of Tkomat Ruddiman.

1711. The art of typography was introduced into St. Petersburg by its founder, the Czar Peter the Great, who transferred a part of the printing establishment of Moscow to his new capital, for the purpose of printing the imperial ukases. Bachmeister observes, that the earliest

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