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 SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

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1583. Matthias Paludanus printed at Bil- boa, in Spain, the Constitutiont of Pitw IV. and other popa; also a Spanish version of the Orlando Furioso, in the same year, which is a very rare book. — It nould appear that during this century, some of the well known and celebrated Giunta, or Junta family, transported themselves from Italy, and carried on the printinfi^ business in Spain. From books now in the Bodleian library, it appears that Juan de Junta printed at Bur^s, in 1536 ; at Salamanca, in 1547 ; and Philip de Junta at Bur);og in the years 1582 and 1503.

It was in the city of Florence, where literature and the fine arts have always flourished, that the Junta family first established their press, the first-fruit of which was an edition of Zenobii Praoerbia, printed in 1497, and followed by a JtuHn and OrpA^iu, both dated 1500.

1583, Nov. 23. Edward Ardeme* was racked within the tower previous to his execution. Be- sides the rack, there was then in that dungeon for heretic*, a circular machine of iron, called the Seavenger't Davgkter,\ from the name of its iuTcntor.

1583. Died, Henry Bynneman an eminent printer, who dwelt in Thames-street, near unto Bayoard's castle, and at Knight Rider's-street, at the sign of the Mermaid, with this motto

and princes excommanicate, drew some which had the pope's power In great reverence for their obedience, and amongst others tber so distracted one Somerville, a Centleman, that in haste he undertook a jonrnej privilj to the qaeen*s couit, and breathing nothing but biood against the Protestants, he furiously set upon oue or two by the way, with his sword drawn. Being apprehended, he professed that he would have killed the queen with his crwD bands. Whereupon he, and by his impeachment, Ardeme, his wife's father, a man of very ancient gentility, in the county of Warwick, Ardeme's wife their daughter, Somervilie, and Hall a priest, as accessaries were mrraigned. Three days after SomerviUe was fotud strangled ; Ardeme was hanged, and the woman and priest were pardoned. — Camden's Annaft. t The kinds of torture employed in the Tower were : — !. The rack, a large open frame of oak, raided three feet from the ground. The prisoner was laid under it, on his back, on the floor: liis wrists and ancles were attached by oords by two rollers at the ends of the frame i these were moved by levers in opposite directions, till the body rose to a level with the (rame. Questions were then put ; and If the answers did not prove satisfactory, the sufferer was stretched more and more, till the bones started from the^ sockets.
 * On Oie side of the Mpl<t*, books agaiiut the qneen

3. The tcavengei*» imtghter was a broad hoop of Iron, so caJled. constfting of two paits, fastened to each other by a Idnge. The prisoner was made to kneel on the pave- ment, and contract liimself into as small a compass as he could. Then the executioner, kneeling on his stioulders, and having introduced the hoop under his legs, compressed the victim close together till he was able to Cssten the extremities over the small of the back. The time allotted to this kind of torture was an hour and a half, daring which time it commonly happened that, from excess of compression, the blood started from the nostrils ; some, times, it was believed, from the extremities of the hands and feet

3. Iron ^mmf tofs,wtiich could be contracted by the aid of a •crew. They served to compress the wrists, and to sus- pend the prisoner in the air from two distant points of a beam. He was placed on three pieces of wood, piled one on the other, which, when liis hands had been made fast, were successively withdrawn from under his feet.

4. A fourth kind of torture was a cell called tittle ease. It vras of so small dimensions, and so constructed, that the prisoner could neither stand, walk, sit, or lie in it at full length. He was compelled to draw himself up in a squatting posture, and so remained during several days. — UngvrdfVol- viii.

about it, Omnia temmu halent. He had been servant to Reynold Wolfe, and during the time be was in business met with great encourage- ment from archbishop Parker, who allowed him, to have a shop, or shed, at the north-west door of St. P.iul's, at the sign of the Three Wells. He left Henry Denham and Ralph Newbery his assignees. Bynneman's first book is dated 1566, and he printed in the whole one hundred and twenty works. Some of his printing has already been inserted; and from among the rest the following may he noticed : —

A large collection of novels, dedicated to tir George Howard, matter cf the armory, 9vo,fnntei for Nicholas Englande, Nov. 8, 1567.

A new, merry, and wittie commedie, or enter- lude, newly imprinted, treating upon the history of Jacob and Esau, taken out of the first Booki of Moses, entituled Genesis, 1568, 4to.*

Of ghnstes and spirites walkyng by night, and strange noyes, crackes, and sundry fore wamynges, whiche commonly happen before the death of men, great slaughters, and alterations of kyngdomes. Written by Lew es Lauaterus of Tigunne. And translated by R. H. 1572, 4to.

A new yeares gifte, dedicated to the pope's holiness, 1579, 4to.-— See page 365, ante.

In 1580, he printed a work written by John Welles, a scrivener, in Fleet-street, in which one Arthur Halle of Grantham, member of parlia- ment, was of casting reflections on sir Robert Belle, the then speaker, and several of tlie mem- bers ; it was dedicated to sir Henrv Kny vett. One copy of this work was delivered, to Henry Shurlande, in Friday-street, linen draper, to be sent to Mr. Halle. Bynneman received cloth of Mr. Shurlande to the amount of £6 ISs. Ad. for printing the said book. Twelve months after- wards, Mr. Halle received six oUier copies from the printer, and his man a seventh. Ihey were all cited to appear before the house of commons, when it appeared that Halle had g^veo xx no- bles to Welles for the copy. After expressing their deep contrition, they were all sequestered, " and ordered to meet again three different times afterwards, when Halle was committed to the tower for six months, and until he made a reta- liation to the satisfaction of the house, to pay 500 marks, to be severed from being a memoer of this house, and to choose another."

The first foure bookesof Virgils ^neis, trans- lated tnto English /teroical verse, by Richard Stanyhurst. With other poetical devices thereto annexed. At the end, an epistle of the printer, relating to the work. Dedicated to his brother, the lord baron of Dunfayne, 160 pages, 1583, 12mo.

1583. William Bartlet, or Barthelet, as he spelt his name both ways, followed the pro- fession at tliis period, and printed two works.

son's sale, for ^1 7s. At Mr. Dodd's sale it produced the sum of ^3 5s. At Dr. Wright's sale, a manuscript copy, transcribed by Mr. Henderson, sold for ^'3 lOs. A per. feet copy was In the Kemble collection ; and Mr. Beloe perfected the copy in the Qarrick collection. — Betot.
 * A copy of the above rare piece, sold at Major Pear.

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