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HISTORY OF PRINTING.

The government of the company was vested by these chaTteis,and still continues, in a master, two wardens, and a court of assistants,* who un- der their several charters pay i;200 a year in pensions and charitable donations ; to which much larger sums have been added by the bene- factions of individual members. Their trading concerns are managed by a regular committee, consisting of nine members ; namely, the master and wardens for the time being, and six other stock holders.

The expense of obtaining the charter will ap- pear by the following extracts from their records:

The cbargis layde oute for our corporation :

jff t. d.

Fyrgtc, for two tymes wrytinge of oar boke before yt was sygned by the Kjmge and the

Qaene';s Maieatie'8 Highoeu 18

Item, for the Bynj(ned and the prevy scale 6 6 8

Item, for the great scale 8 9

Item, for ttaiTwrytyiiKec and inrolyngc 3

Item, for wax, lace, and examenadon 3 4

Item, to the clerkea for expedycion 10

Item, for lymnyn^e and for the skyn 10

Item, payd to the Bcrevener for wrytinge of the indentures of the Burrendei for the feffers of truste unto the Master and Waidyns of this Companye and thayrc successors 14

On this incorporation, the company obtained from the heralds college their armorial bearings.f

In searching after the crest, says Hansard, I found that the visitation in 1664, recorded also the common seal of the company ; a fac-simile sketch is here given, as entered there, although the seal used by the company is only the arms, as described below.

here. — Niehoti.
 * Consisting at present, March a, of twcDty.flve mem-

Mr. Nichols says, "and a conrt of assistants ;" hat no such words are to be foand in any one of the charters or renewals. The atsistantt were therefore created by one of those "ordinances, provisions, and laws," which by clause V, of the first charter, tiley were empowered to make. These bye-laws are, however, kept from the com- monalty ; they have nothing to do but to obey them. — Hansard,

t Azure, on a chevron Or, between three Bibles lying fessewise Gules, garnished, leaved, and clasped of the second (,e. the clasps downwards,) an eagle rising proper, enclosed by two roses Gules, seeded Or, barbed Vert ; from the top of the chief a demi-circle of glory, edged with clouds proper ; therein a dove displayed Argent ; over the head a circle of the last. Crest : on a wreath, a Bible open proper; clasped and garnished Or. Motto; VerbtM Domini mavet in atcmum.

1556. Thomas Berthelet was the second professor of typographer after Richard Pinson, who enjoyed the office of king's printer, and the first for whom a patent is extant.__His salary 'was lour pounds yearly, and in his grant of arras, preserved in the herald's college, he is called " Thomas Berthelet of London, esquyre, gentill- man." He died, as it has been ascertained from the stationers' company, about Christmas 1556. His residence was in Fleet-street, at the sign of the Lucretia Romana, an elegant engraviug of which, with his own name upon a scroll, he used as a device. Many books were printed at his expense in Paris, and it is supposed that both he and bb widow, Margery Berthelet, employed others to print for them in London. He printed or caused to be printed one hundred and forty- seven works. Thomas Powel had managed Berthelet's business for some time previous to his death, and at length succeeded him both in his dwelling and his occupation.

1556. Cardinal Pole appointed commissioners to visit the two universities, and reform them according to the views of the papal hierarchy. At Cambridge they burnt the bodies of Martin Bucer and Paul Fagius, with their books and heretical writings. At Oxford, the visitors went through all the colleges, and burnt all the Eng- lish Bibles, and such books as they deeined heretical. They took up the body of Peter Martyr's wife, and buriea it in a dunghill, be- cause having once been a nun, she broke her vows by marriage, but her body was afterwards taken up again in queen Elizabeth's time, and mixed with the bones of St. Frideswide.

1556, July 31, Died, Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the order of "The Society of Jesus," whence the denomination Jem-itU, or JauiU; and which has been well described as " the most political and best regulated of all the monastic orders ; and from which mankind have derived more advantages and received greater injury than from any other of those religious fraternities." Loyola died in the 65th year of his age, after having lived to see his society spread over almost the whole world, and possessing above one hun- dred colleges.

Francis Xavier, called by the Roman Catho- lics, " the Apostle of the Indies," was of a noble Spanish familv, and born in Navarre, at the castle of Xavier, in 1506. He was the early and faithful friend and disciple of Ignatius Loyola. He died December, 2, 1652.

1557. Nicholas Bourman was an original member of the stationers' company, and one of their renter wardens, or collectors, in co^unction with Thomas Purfoot, in 1557-58. His resi- dence was in Aldersgate-street. He printed four works.

1557. Henry Cooke, warden of the station- ers' company gave ten quires of royal paper, to make the two earliest accompt books, which were bound at the cost of Thomas Dowkswell. The value of the paper was 1 U. 8rf.

1557. Several of the learned exiles who had fled from England during the reign of Mary,

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