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 SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

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term which seems to hare been occasionally giren to other early folio editions.

Fulke, in his Defence of the English Transla- tien of the Bible, relates, that " when Coverdale's translation was finished, and presented to Henry, he gave it bishop Gardiner and some others to examine. They kept it so long, that at last Henry had to call for it himself. When they delivered the book, he demanded their opinion of the translation. They answered, that there were many faults in it." " Well," said the king, " but are there any heresies mentioned in it ?" They replied, " There were no heresies they coald find." " If there be no heresies," said Henry, " then, in God's name, let it go abroad among our people." — Lewis. 1536. Engraving in dots or commonly called

' ftifpling, is the oiuy mode of engraving which issuppceed to have been the invention of the Italians. Agostino de Musis, better known by

I thenameofJlu^iuHne of Venice, a pupil of Mark Antonio, used it in several of his earliest works, but confined it to the flesh, as in the undated print of an old man seated upon a bank, loith a nttage tn the back ground. He flourished from 1509 to 1536. We also find it in a print of a single figure standing, holding a cup and looking trnvards, by Giulio Cam^gnola, who en- graved about the year I5I6. The back ground is executed with round dots, made apparently with a dry point. The figure is outlined with a Kroke deeply engraved, and finished with dots, in a manner greatly resembling those prints which Demarteau engraved at Paris in imitation of red chalk. The hair and beard are expressed by strokes. Stephen de Laulne, a native of Ger- many, followed the steps of Campagnola ; and many of his slight works are executed in dots only. John Boulanger, a French artist, who flourished in the middle of the sixteenth century, and his cotemporary, Nicholas Van Plattenberg, improved greatly on this method, and practised it with much success. John Lutma executed this kind of work with a hammer and a small punch or chissel.

In this style of engraving, Francis Bartolozzi, stands preeminent in modern times ; he contrived to execute it so beautifully as to assist in seducing the public taste from the superior and legitimate style of line engraving. He wtts born at Florence, in 1728, and died at Lisbon, 1816. He resided for some time in England, and executed many prints for Boydell's Shahtpeare, which exhibit exquisite specimens of taste and execution.

1537. In this year was printed at Lyons, a hook entitled, Les Controves des Sexes masculin et femenin, 16mo. The author, Gratian du Pont ; asserts that every man will, at the resur- rection, be an entire body, without the least de- formity. He maintains that were every part of the body separated into fifteen hundred diflerent places, they would all unite, and become com- plete. He adds that Adam will regain the part irom which Eve was formed, and that Eve must again become Adam's side ; and thus, he says, it WiU be with all other persons ; every man will be

like Adam, and every woman like Eve ; and he concludes with a positive assertion, that woman will cease to exist.

1538. Printing introduced at Tortosa, a city of Spain. In Uie library of Trinity college, Dublin, there is a curious book of this year, namely the Mariale of Bemardinus de Sorio,. who was rector of the college of Tortosa. The printer, Amaldum Guillermi, is protected for ten years, under a penalty of 1000 florins and for- feiture of the copies. — The Mariale is a quarto, consisting of 277 leaves printed irregularly in black letter, with a few flowered initials of coarse workmanship. The title-page is ornamented with wood cuts on both sides. The paper is strong though yellow ; neither the type nor press- work are very good.

1538. In this year the English Bible was per- mitted to be exposed to sale, and publicly read ; and an injunction was published by the vicar general of the kingdom, " orderiflg the clergy to provide, before a certain festival, one book of the whole bible, of the largest volume in English, and to set it up in some convenient place within their churches, where their parishioners might most commodiously resort to read it ;" the expense of which was to be borne equally by the clergyman and the parishioners. A royal declaration was also issued, which the curates were to read in their respective churches, informing the people of the injunction to place it in the diurche8,and of the permission given to all to read it ; with directions how to read and hear it, and advising them to avoid all disputes about the scriptures in " tavems or alehouses," and rather to consult those who were authorized to preach and explain them. " It was wonderful," says Strype, " to see with what joy this book of God was received, not only among the leameder sort, and those that were noted for lovers of the Reformation, but generally all England over, among all the vulgar and common people ; and with what greediness God's word was read, and what resort to places where the reading of it was." Again, he observes, " that the parsons, vicars, and curates did read confusedly the word of God, and the king's injunctions, lately set forth, and com- manded by them toberead: hummingand hawking therat, that almost no man could understand the meaning of the injunction. And they secret- ly Bubomed certain spreaders of rumours and false tales in comers, who interpreted the injunc- tions to a false sense. And bad their parishioners, notwithstanding what they read, being compelled so to do, that they should do as they did in times past, to live as their fathers ; and that the old fashion is the best. They even insinuated that the king meant to take away the liberties of the realm, with other seditious intimations."

Mr. Thoresby mentions the New Testament printed at Paris, by Reignault, in 1538, at the expense of bishop Bonner. It was printed in 8vo. in two columns, English and Latin ; and has I Peter ii. 13, thus translated, " Unto the Kynge as the chefe heade" doubtless out of com- pliment to Henry VIII.

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