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HISTORY OF PRINTING.

nues; but sometime afterwards restored them, and changed the name of the college. About the year 1524, Wolsey erected a school at his native town, and employed Arnold Birckman, a printer at Antwerp, to print Grammart for its use. We lind from an epistle of his, dated at Westminster 1st September, 1528, prefixed to a grammar, with this title page. Rudimenta fframmatices, et docendi methodm, turn tarn tcholae Gypswichianae, per reverend. D. Thomam car- dinalem Ebor. foeliciter inttitutae, quam omni- hus aliis totiut Angliae tcolis praeacripta. Joan. Grapheus exatdebat impentU Amoldi Birck- manni, Antwerp 1534. The cardinal also Touchsafed to direct the use of it in a short epistle to the maj^ters of his school. The same grammar was printed the next year iu twelves, at Antwerp, by Martin Ceaser.*

1530. In consequence of the opposition of the Romish clergy to the translation of the scriptures, and more particularly of their being printed in this country, many private individuals made translations, and had them printed at foreign presses. In this year, an English translation of the Pialmt was printed at Strasburg, by Francis Foye, in 12mo. with a preface by John Aleph ; and said to be " purely and faithtully tninslated after the text of Fehne."-^ In 1531, George Joyej an Englishman, translated the Prophet Itaye and Jeremy, and was printed at Strasburg by Baltha-sar Beckneth, in 8vo. Robert Shir- wood, another Englishman, who succeeded Ro- bert Wakefield as oriental professor at Louvain, published, in 1523, a Latin translation from the

cardinal Wolsey stated the cflTects of printing to the pope (Leo X.) thus — " That his holiness could not be ignorant what diverse effects this new invention of printing bad produced, for It had brousht in and restored, books and learning} and that which was most particularly to be lamented, 'that lay and ordinary men might read the scriptures, and to pray in their vulgar tongue ; and if this was suffered, the common people might at last come to believe, that there was not so much use for the clergy. — For if men were persuaded once they could make their own way to God, and that prayers in their native and or- dinary language might pierce heaven as well as Latin ; how much would the authority of the mass fall i For this purpose, since printing could not be put down, it were best to set up learning against learning; ; and by introduc- ing able persons to dispute, to suspend the laity between fear and controversy. This at worst would yet make them attentive to their superiors and teachers."
 * Lord Herbett In Mb life of Henry VIII., supposed that

It is a singular circumstance that the skuU of cardinal Wolsey was burnt in the printing office of Richard Phillips, of the Leicester Herald, consumed by an accidental Are in 1795. In 1789 the bones of cardinal Wolsey was dis- covered in the ruins of Leicester abbey, and lay exposed for some weeks for the inspection of the curious on a bench in the garden, but at length Mr. Phillips bought the skull of that famous man of the gardener for a shilling, and kept it till the accident.

t By the text of Feline was meant the Latin version of Martin Bucer, published by Urn under the feigned name of Aretius Fetintu, Strasburg, 1526, folio. — Strype.

t George Joye was a Bedfordshire man, and educated at Cambridge, and admitted fellow of Peter House in I517. But being accused of heresy by the prior of Newnhan, he fled to Strasburg ; and was afterwards employed by the Dutch printers, in correcting the pirated editions of Tin- dall's New Testament. Though a learned man, he does not appear to have possessed that conscientious Integrity, which would have f^ven Christian dignity to his character ; and it Ms to be regretted that whilst be defended the •' Truth," the •' Truth" does not seem "to have made him free" from guile and deception.— teim'».

Hebrew, of the book of EceUtitutti, txcora- panied with short notes, chiefly from rabbinical writers. It was printed at Antwerp, by William Vorstman, in 4to.

1530. John Haukins. The only particulars which exist concerning this printer are supposi- tious. Herbert imagined him to have been an inhabitant of Exeter ; to have exercised his pro- fession in that city ; and to have been the father oi"Edyth the lyeing widow" HUe"* twelve merry gestyt" of whom, were printed by John Rastell, in Folio, 1525; in the preface to which, one bearing nearly the above name is thus men- tioned.

This lying wydow, fall fals and cnttj. Late in Englond hath dysscryued many. Both men and wemmen of every degree. As well of the spiritull as temporalte ; Lords, knyghts, and gentlemen, also Yemen, gromys, and that not long ago: For in the tyme of kyng Henry the ^ht She hath used many a suttel sleight. What with lyeing, wepyng and laughynp. As by thys book after here doth appere. Whoso list matter now for to here. No faynyd storiee, but matters in dede. Of 3di. of her gestis here may ye red.

Thc PacrAci.

In the cyte of Exceter, by west away. The tyme not pased hennc many a day, Ther dwellid a yoman discret and wyse. At the sygne of the floure de lyse, Wbych had to name John Haidcyn, &c.

And coiw/tuln Mm with the xU. gett:

To London they tooke In all the hast.

They wnud not onnis tarry to brek there fast-

And of these poses 1 mak an ende.

God saue the wyddow where soener she wende.

Quod Walerna Smyth.

Emprinted at London, at the sygne of the meremayde, at Pollis gate next to chepesyde, ,by J. Rastell, 23 March. In sheets d iii. Folio.

It is, however, not very probable that no degree of consanguinity existed between this ]irinter and the beiore-mentioned female sharper, but also that the typographical art was unesta- blished in Exeter in his time. Respecting the only book which is extant with the name of Haukyns, there is scarcely less doubt than there Is concerning its printer. This is entitled Le* elaircissetnent de la Langne Francoyte; the cflluphon to which states, that the imprinting was " fynysshed by Johan Haukyns the xviii.d«^-e o^ July. The yere of our lorde god M.CCCfCC. and" XXX ; whence Ames supposed that two of the three parts into which it is divided were printed by Pynson, and only the latter one by Haukyns, with his letter. It remains to be added that the volume is well executed, and is full of curious and useful information.

Haukyns seems to have made use of Pynson's letter an 3 compartments after his decease, by the following book : — Les claricissement de la langve Francoyse, compose par maistre Jeban Palsgrave, Angloys, natyf de Londres, et gradue de Paris. Neqve, luna, per noclem. 1530. After this title are two verses of Leonard Cox in Latin, then the author's epistle to king Henry viii. which is followed by a copy of the privilegie.

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