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FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

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towing remarkable passage of fair Rosamond :* " We rede that in Englonde was a kinge that had a concnbyne, whose name was Rose, and for her grete bewie he cleped hyr Boseamvnde, thai is to say, Rose of tke Worlde; for him thought that she passed al women in bewte. It befel that she died, and was buried whyle the king« was absent, and whanne he came ayen, for g^ete lore that he had to hyr, he would se the 1>odie in the graue, and whanne the graue was opened there sat an orrible tode upon hyr breste, bytween hyr teetys, and a foule adder big^ herbodie aboate the midle, and she stank so that the kynge ne non other, might stonde to ■e the onible sight. Thanne the kynge dyde Aette ag«n the graue, and dyde wryte these two ' I upon the graae.

EBcJacatln tnmtiaBoaamiuuU,non Ron-maniU ; Non redolet, aed olet, qnn redoleie Kdet."

Hen lies not Boae the chute, bat Soee the lUr, Her wenti no more peiftune, bat taint the ilr.

1493. Printing inttodaced into the following places in the course of this year : —

Copenhagen, by Gotho&idos de Ohemen ; his first work was a treatise on Cfranmuir.

Alba, no printer's name.

Cl^ny, by Michael Wenssler ; he printed the MutaU Cluniacerue, in folio. This town was then famous for its Benedictine abbey.

Dole, no printer's name.

Friburg, by Kilian Piscator.

Lunenburg, by John Luce ; who printed Thomas a Kmpis, De imitalione Chriiti, Src 8ro.

Nantes, bv Stephen Larcher.

Valladolid, by John de Francour. Only one book was printed here during this century.

A beautiful edition of Isocrates was printed at Milan in folio, by Henry Oermon and Sebastian Ex Pantremulo. Philip de lAragnia, Antonv Zarot, Christopher Valoarfer, Leonard Fachei, and Clric Scinzenzeller, were printers at Milan, bean 1469 to 1500, and to whom the republic of letters is not a little indebted.

1493. The C%roiitc&o/iV«imn&ery, illustrated with more than two thousand wood-cuts, reckon- ing thoee that are given more than once orer, was published and embellished by Michael Wdilg^emutb, a celebrated engraver and painter. It professes to furnish figures _/rom the beginning of the world, and contains views of scripture his- tories, and of cities and scenery, the latter bear- ing scarcely any resemblance to the places men- tioned. Michael Wohlgemuth was born at Nu- remberg in 1435, )ud died in 1519. He is thought to have invented etching ; but the chief honour of Wohlgemuth is that of his having been tutor to Albert Durer, the most celebrated artist in the annals of engraving. His mark is M. W. or W. only.

It appears to mive been the ancient practice of those masters who furnished designs for the

• Bi— iimiiil ClUBvd, or VUr BonunoDd, the atTDmlte miitiBn of Henry II., died Aagmt, 1177, andwubmied at Godstow, a small island formed by tiie divided streamB of the Isis, in the porWi of Wolvemit, near Oiford.

wood-engravers to work from, carefully to avoid ' all cross hatchings, which it is probable, were considered as beyond the power of the xylogra- phist to represent. Wohlgemuth perceived uaX, though difficult, this was not impossible ; and in the cuts to the Nuremberg Chronicle, the execu- tion of which, besides furnishing the designs, he doubtless superintended, a successful attempt was first made to imitate the bold hatchings of a pen-drawing, crossing each other, as occasion prompted the designer, in various directions. To him belongs the praise of having been the first who duly appreciated the powers of this art; and it is more than probable that he proved with his own hand, to the subordinate artists employ- ed under him, the practicability of that st^e of workmanship which he had acquired. — OtUey.

1494. SeaU Petfeeeionit : Englythed : the Ladder of Perfection. Impremu anno salutis. mxeeeJaaexxiiU. Folio. Both Herbert and Dib- din agree that Wynkvn de Worde was the orginal printer of this singular volume. The following poetical colgphon at the end notices Caxton : —

Infyntte lade with thankynge* many folde

I yelde to Ood me aooooryns witti his grace TUa boke to flnyahe wbiche that ye behcddc

ScUe of Feifecciai calde in every place.

Whenof Oi anctor Walter Hilton was And Wynkyn de Worde this bath sett in print

In WiniamCazstoiia bows so fyll the case Ood rest bis sonle. In Joy ther mot is stynt.

Impreasns anno salutia ii.cccc.lzxxziiii.

Walter Hilton, was, according to Herbert, a Carthusian monk of Syon Monastery, although bishop Tanner supposes him to have been of Sbene : he flourished between 1390 and 1433, and is thought to have filled the office of canon of Thorgoto.

1494. Printing introduced into the following places in the course of this year : —

Oppenheim, no printer's name.

Several Hebrew works are said to have been printed at Constantinople from 1484 to 1494 ; but, says Dr. Adam Clarke, they may be con- sidered either apocryphal or forgeries.

Marchand mentions a work entitied, Janoni$ oratio in tanctitiimmn Matrimoniitm Maximi- liani Regit, et Blancte Maria Regince. Inspruc, 1494, die xvi. Martii, 4to. but the date and place seem rather to refer to the time and place of the marriage of Maximilian with Blimch Mary, daughter of Sforza, duke of Milan, than to the place and time of the impression of the Oration.

Amongst many others who practised the art of printing in the city of Augsburg, from its intro- duction by Gunther Zainer, in 1468, to the end of this century, may be enumerated John Schiis- sler, 1470 ; Cnristman Heyny, 1471 ; Monastery of S. S. Ulric and Afra, 1474 ; Anthony Sorg, 1475 ; John Wienner, 1476 ; John Keller, 1478 ; John Baember, 1479 ; Ambrose Keller, 1479 ; Herman Kaestiin, 1481 ; John Froschaver, 1481 ; Erhard Ratdolf, 1487 ; John Schoensperger, 1493 ; John Schauer, 1494.

1495. The mercers of London seem to have been great encouragers of literature. Prefixed to Wynkyn de Worde's reprint of Caxlon's Pdi-

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