Page:A cyclopedia of American medical biography vol. 1.djvu/320

 CRAWFORD

CRAWFORD

Dr. Crane married on April 20, 1902, Emilie Esselborn, and had one child, Paul Willard, born in 1904. A. F.

Crawford, John (1746-1813).

John Crawford, introducer of vaccina- tion into America, born in the north of Ireland May 3, 1746, was the second of four sons of a protestant clergyman, all of whom became professional men. His brother Adair being physician to St. Thomas' Hospital, London, and professor of chemistry at Woolwich.

At seventeen he entered Trinity College, Dublin, and afterwards went to the Leyden University, where he graduated M. D. He then made two voyages to the East Indies as surgeon in the East India Company's service. About 177S he was married and shortly after received an appointment as surgeon to the Naval Hospital on the Island of Barbadoes, a position of great responsibility. In 17S0 a terrible hurricane devastated the island, whereupon he furnished aid and medi- cines to the afflicted inhabitants without stint and without compensation. In 17S1 he returned to England on account of bad health and during the voyage lost his wife. In 1790 he received from the Dutch government the appointment of surgeon-major to the colony of Demarara in South America; there he had charge of a military hospital of sixty to eighty beds. In 1796 he went to Baltimore. Here he helped forward the founding of the Balti- more General Dispensary, 1S01 ; the penitentiary, 1802; the Bible Society, and the Baltimore Library. He delivered courses on natural history at the College of Medicine in 1811 and 1S12, and his introductory lecture on "The Cause, Seat and Cure of Diseases" is extant. He held high rank in his profession, being censor, examiner, orator, and member of the committee to publish the "Transac- tions of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty," and consulting physician to the Board of Health and City Hosiptal.

He was among the very first in America to use vaccine virus, which he did in the summer of 1S00, a date contemporaneous

with that of its use by Dr. Waterhouse, of Massachusetts, who has been given the credit of its first use in the Western Hemisphere. He wrote many medical articles of great interest and value in the medical journals of the day.

What most rivets attention on John Crawford is his remarkable research Into the cause of disease. As early as 1790 he conceived — entirely independently — the idea of a living contagium- — minute animalculae gaining access to the human body and there depositing germs to develop and produce disease. He ran- sacked the whole realm of nature and brought together a great mass of evidence to prove this theory which he maintained, notwithstanding its unpopu- larity and prejudice to his professional success, with all the ardor of absolute conviction. He pointed out that man, notwithstanding his superior nature and possession of a soul, was subjected to the same laws as the lower animals. He enunciated the doctrine of universal parasitism. He argued convincingly from the known to the unknown, and declared prophetically that while the minute animalculae could not then be demonstrated, they are not beyond the reach of human ken and in due time would be recognized. He compares the action of the seeds of disease to the vegetable seeds — each of which gives rise to its respective plant, and to that only. He not only held these views, but displayed his consistency by carrying them out to their legitimate conclusion — he applied them to the prevention and treatment of disease. The bigotry and prejudices of his contemporaries compelled him to publish his opinion in a non-medical, periodical, "The Baltimore Observer," in which they appeared in 1S06 and 1807 under the heading " Quarantine." We may conclude that John Crawford made an independent discovery of this theory, and so far as is known to me he is the first in all history who investigated it in a thorough and scientific manner.

John Crawford died in Baltimore on May 9, 1S13, after a short illness and was