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 assisted by rendering 'in the direction of' (see on v.$19$); for in any case Ẓafār must have been the terminus in a southern direction. The commonly received opinion is that is the name of the Frankincense Mountain between Ḥaḍramaut and Mahra (see Di.).

XI. 1-9.—The Tower of Babel (J). A mythical or legendary account of the breaking up of the primitive unity of mankind into separate communities, distinguished and isolated by differences of language. The story reflects at the same time the impression made on Semitic nomads by the imposing monuments of Babylonian civilisation. To such stupendous undertakings only an undivided humanity could have addressed itself; and the existing disunitedness of the race is a divine judgement on the presumptuous impiety which inspired these early manifestations of human genius and enterprise. Gu. has apparently succeeded in disentangling two distinct but kindred legends, which are both Yahwistic (cf., vv.$5 6. 8. 9. 9$), and have been blended with remarkable skill. One has crystallised round the name 'Babel,' and its leading motive is the "confusion" of tongues; the other around the memory of some ruined tower, which tradition connected with the "dispersion" of the race. Gu.'s division will be best exhibited by the following continuous translations:

A. The Babel-Recension: ($1$) And it was, when all the earth had one speech and one vocabulary, ($3a$) ''that they said to one another, Come! Let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly. ($4a$, ) And they said, Come! Let us build us a city, and make ourselves a name. ($6a$) And Yahwe said, Behold it is one people, and all of one language. ($7$) Come! Let us go down and confound there their language, so that they may not understand one another's speech, ($8b$) and that they may cease to build the city. ($9a$) Therefore is its name called 'Babel' (Confusion), for there Yahwe confused the speech of the whole earth''

B. The Tower-Recension: ($2$) And when they broke up from the East, they found a plain in the land of Shin'ar, and settled there. [And they said, Let us build] ($4aβb$) a tower, with its top reaching to heaven, lest we disperse over the face of the whole earth. ($3b$) And they had brick for stone and asphalt for mortar. ($5$) And Yahwe came down to see the tower which the sons of men had built. [And He said ] ($6aβb$) and this is but the beginning of their enterprise; and now nothing will be impracticable to them which they purpose to do. ($8a$) So Yahwe scattered them over the face of the whole earth. [?Therefore the name of the tower was called 'Pîẓ' (Dispersion), for] ($9b$) from thence Yahwe dispersed them over the face of the whole earth.