Page:A critical and exegetical commentary on Genesis (1910).djvu/318



Amorites pressed southwards, and founded kingdoms in Palestine both E and W of the Jordan (Nu. 21$13ff.$, Jos. 24$8$ etc.); though Müller has pointed out some difficulties in the way of that hypothesis (AE, 230 f.).—In the OT there appears an occasional tendency to restrict the name to 'highlanders' (Nu. 13$29$, Dt. 1$7$), but this is more than neutralised by other passages (Ju. 1$34$). The most significant fact is that E (followed by D) employs the term to designate the pre-Israelite inhabitants of Palestine generally (cf. Am. 2$9f.$), whom J describes as Canaanites. Apart from the assumption of an actual Amorite domination, it is difficult to suggest an explanation of E's usage, unless we can take it as a survival of the old Bab. name Amurru (or at least its ideographic equivalent MAR. TU) for Palestine, Phœnicia and Cœle-Syria.—See, further, Müller, AE, 218 ff., 229 ff.; Wi. GI, i. 51-54, KAT$3$, 178 ff.; Mey. ZATW, i. 122 ff.; We. Comp.$2$ 341; Bu. Urg. 344 ff.; Dri. Deut. 11 f., Gen. 125 f.; Sayce, DB, i. 84 f.; Paton, ''Syr. and Pal.'' 25-46, 115 ff., 147 f.; Mey. GA$2$, 1. ii. § 396.

(3) ] only mentioned in enumerations (15$21$, Dt. 7$1$, Jos. 3$10$ 24$11$, Neh. 9$8$) without indication of locality. ,, occur as prop. names on Punic inscrs. (Lidzbarski, Nord-sem. Epigr. 405_{4}, 622_{4f}., 673_{3}; Ephem. i. 36, 308). Ewald conjectured a connexion with NT.

(4) ] a tribe of central Palestine, in the neighbourhood of Shechem (34$2$) and Gibeon (Jos. 9$7$); in Ju. 3$3$, where they are spoken of in the N, should be read, and in Jos. 11$3$ Hittites and Hivvites should be transposed in accordance with G$B$. The name has been explained by Ges. (Th.) and others as meaning 'dwellers in ' (Bedouin encampments: cf. Nu. 32$41$); but that is improbable in the case of a people long settled in Palestine (Moore). We. (Heid. 154) more plausibly connects it with = 'serpent' (see on 3$20$), surmising that the Hivvites were a snake-clan. Cf. Lagarde, OS, 187, 174, l. 97.

The 5 remaining names are formed from names of cities, 4 in the extreme N of Phœnicia, and the last in Cœle-Syria.

(5) ([E], G ] is from the city (Jos. Ant. i. 138), the ruins of which, still bearing the name Tell 'Arḳa, are found on the coast about 12 miles NE of Tripolis. It is mentioned by Thothmes (in the form 'r-ka-n-tu: see AE, 247 f.), and in TA letters (Irkata: KIB, v. 171, etc.); also by Shalmaneser  (KIB, i. 173; along with Arvad and Sianu, below), and Tiglath-pileser (ib. ii. 29; along with Ṣimirra and Sianu).

(6) ] inhabitants of, Ass. Sianu (KIB, ll.cc.). Jer. (Quæst.) says it was not far from 'Arḳa, but adds that only the name remained in his day. The site is unknown: see Cooke, EB, iv. 4644 f.

(7) ] 'Arwad (Ezk. 27$8. 11$) was the most northerly of the Phœnician cities, built on a small island (Strabo, ii. 13; KIB, i. 109) about 35 miles N of Tripolis (now Ruād). It is named frequently, in connexions which show its great importance in ancient times, in Eg. inscrs. (AE, 186 f.), on TA Tab., and by Ass. kings from Tiglath-pileser to Asshurbanipal (KAT$2$, 104 f.; Del. Par. 281); see also Her. vii. 98.