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unnecessary and unwarranted. The phrase properly denotes 'all living beings,' and is so used in 8 out of the 13 occurrences in P's account of the Flood (Dri. ad loc.). In 6$19$ 7$15. 16$ 8$17$ it means animals apart from man; but that in the same connexion it should also mean mankind apart from animals is not to be expected, and could only be allowed on clear evidence.—The difference of standpoint between P and J (6$5$) on this matter is characteristic.

13-16. Directions for building the ark.—13. Announcement in general terms of some vast impending catastrophe, involving the end of all flesh (all living beings, as v.$12$).—14-16. Description of the Ark.—An Ark (chest) of gopher wood] probably some resinous wood. In Heb. is used only of Noah's ark and the vessel in which Moses was saved (Ex. 2$3. 5$); the name ark comes to us through V (arca), where, however, it is also applied to the ark of the testimony (Ex. 25$10$ etc.). The Bab. Flood-narrative has the ordinary word for ship (elippu).—The vessel is to consist internally of cells (lit. 'nests'), and is to be coated inside and out with bitumen (cf. Ex. 2$3$).

13. ] not (as Est. 9$11$) 'has come to my knowledge,' but 'has entered into my purpose.' This is better than (with Di.) to take absolutely (as Am. 8$2$), and as 'according to my purpose.'—] through them; Ex. 8$20$ 9$11$, Ju. 6$6$ etc.— [] G ; V cum terra; so S T$OJ$. As Ols. says, we should expect ( [Graetz] is unsuitable). But the error probably lies deeper. Ball emends ; Bu. [] ; Gu. . Eerdmans (AT Studien, i. 29) finds a proof of original polytheism. He reads : "we [the gods] are about to destroy the earth."—14. ] GS ; TT. The word is the Egyptian ṭeb(t) = 'chest,' 'sarcophagus' (,, in G of Ex. 2$3. 5$): see Ges. Th.; Erman, ZDMG, xlvi. 123. Jensen (ZA, iv. 272 f.), while admitting the Egypt. etymology, suggests a connexion with the Ass. ilippu ṭí-bi-*tum (a kind of ship). I am informed by Dr. C. H. W. Johns that while the word is written as the determinative for 'ship,' it is not certain that it was pronounced elippu. He thinks it possible that it covers the word tabû, found in the phrase ta-bi-e Bêl ilâni Marduk (Del. Hwb. 699 a), which he is inclined to explain of the processional barques of the gods. If this conjecture be correct, we may have here the Bab. original of Heb. . See ''Camb. Bibl. Essays'' (1909), p. 37 ff.—] The old trans. were evidently at a loss: G ; V (de) lignis lævigatis; Jer. ligna bituminata: the word being. Lagarde (Sem. i. 64 f.; Symm. ii. 93 f.) considered it a mistaken contraction from (brimstone), or rather a foreign word of the same form which meant originally 'pine-wood.' Others (Bochart,