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 gem (Jb. 28$16$), suitable for engraving (Ex. 28$9$ etc.), one of the precious stones of Eden (Ezk. 28$13$), and apparently used in architecture (1 Ch. 29$2$). From the Greek equivalents it is generally supposed to be either the onyx or the beryl (v.i.). According to Pliny, the latter was obtained from India, the former from India and Arabia (NH, xxxvii. 76, 86).—13. Gîḥôn] The name of a well on the E of Jerusalem (the Virgin's spring: 1 Ki. 1$33$ etc.), which IEz. strangely takes to be meant here. In Jewish and Christian tradition it was persistently identified with the Nile (Si. 24$27$; G of Jer. 2$18$ [where is translated ]; Jos. Ant. i. 39, and the Fathers generally). The great difficulty of that view is that the Nile was as well known to the Hebrews as the Euphrates, and no reason appears either for the mysterious designation, or the vague description appended to the name.—land of Kûš] Usually Ethiopia; but see on 10$6$.—14. Ḥiddeḳel] is certainly the Tigris, though the name occurs only once again (Dn. 10$4$).—in front of 'Aššûr] Either between it and the spectator, or to the east of it: the latter view is adopted by nearly all comm.; but the parallels are indecisive, and the point is not absolutely settled. Geographically the former would be more correct, since the centre of the Assyrian Empire lay E of the Tigris. The second view can be maintained only if be the city

region that could be plausibly identified with Ḥavilah?—13. ] Probably from [root] (Jb. 38$8$ 40$23$) = 'bursting forth.'—14. ] G om.—] Bab. Idigla, Diglat, Aram. and, Arab. Diǧlat; then Old Pers. Tigrâ, Pehlevi Digrat, Gr. and. The Pers. Tigrâ was explained by a popular etymology as 'arrow-swift' (Strabo); and similarly it was believed that the Hebrews saw in their name a compound of, 'sharp,' and , 'swift,'—a view given by Ra., and mentioned with some scorn by IEz. Hommel's derivation (AHT, 315) from ḫadd, 'wādī,' and (= 'wādī of Diḳlah,' Gn. 10$27$), is of interest only in connexion with his peculiar theory of the site of Paradise.—] Rendered 'in front' by G, S and V (contra); as 'eastward' by Aq. Σ. and T$O$. This last is also the view of Ra. IEz. and of most moderns. But see Nö. ZDMG, xxxiii. 532, where the sense 'eastward' is decisively rejected. The other examples are 4$16$, 1 Sa. 13$5$, Ezk. 39$11$† .—] Bab. Purâtu, Old Pers. Ufrâtu, whence Gr. .