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 must have been nearly 5 gallons per head, and the women probably drank as much as the men. This calculation, of course, leaves out altogether the smuggled spirit and the beer and ale brewed in the settlement.

In England the consumption of spirit doubled between 1807 and 1827, and the spirit licenses increased by 11,000. Nevertheless, the average amount consumed in 1830 was only $6/7$ gallon per head.

As the young Australians drank little, the remarkably large consumption of liquor in New South Wales must be attributed to the convicts. But in spite of this the death-rate was low, and crimes of violence were not so frequent in proportion to the population as in England. The clear sunlight, the fine spaciousness of the new country had given strength, vigour and hope to the thieves and pickpockets, the drunkards and profligates, the sinned against and the sinning, whose presence made the very name of Botany Bay a by-word.