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 BEISTOL

BKOOKE

Church. He was twice imprisoned in the Bastille, and, after a stay in America, he aspired to be &quot; the Penn of Europe.&quot; His chief legal worts are Theorie des lois criminelles (1780) and Bibliothcque philoso- phique du Legislateur (1782). Many of his works attack the prevailing creed. D. Oct. 31, 1793.

BRISTOL, Augusta Cooper, American reformer. B. Apr. 17, 1835. Ed. Kimball Union Academy (U.S.A.). She became a teacher, and won considerable repute in America by her lectures and writings on education, the woman question, and general social reform, as well as by a volume of verse (Poems, 1868). In 1880 she was sent to Europe to study the Guise social institute, and she represented American Freethinkers at the Brussels Conference of that year. On her return she was appointed State-lecturer in New Jersey, and in 1884 she received a mission to study the institu tions of the various States. Her chief work is Science and its Relations to Human Character (1878). D. Oct. 1910.

BROCA, Pierre Paul, French anthro pologist. B. June 28, 1824. Ed. Paris. From 1854 Broca practised medicine at Paris and attracted much attention by his brilliant scientific papers and works. He became a member of the Academy of Medicine in 1867, and held various high appointments. Gradually developing a special interest in anthropology, he succes sively founded the Societ6 d Anthropologie (1859), the Revue d Anthropologie (1872), and the Ecole d Anthropologie. All his work was carried out in the teeth of violent clerical opposition, and when the Republic triumphed over the Catholics it was consolidated in the Institut Anthro- pologique. He was promoted to the Senate. D. July 9, 1880.

BRODIE, Sir Benjamin Collins, B.A.,

D.C.L., chemist. B. London 1817. Ed.

Harrow and Oxford (Balliol). Brodie

devoted himself to chemistry, and began in

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1843 to publish notable papers on the science, frequently contributing to the Philosophical Transactions. He made a number of important discoveries, and was President of the Chemical Society in 1859-60. In 1865 he became professor of chemistry at Oxford University, He had in 1854 refused to subscribe to the Thirty- nine Articles at Oxford, and we find Jowett (in his Letters] writing to him in 1844 to complain that Brodie not merely takes a Eationalist view of the Bible, but &quot; you do not leave any place for religion at all.&quot; Later correspondence with Jowett, with whom he was friendly, shows that he maintained his Rationalism. He held a very attenuated Theism. &quot; It is hard for a dog to run with thirty-nine stones round its neck,&quot; he said (Life of Lord Sherbrook, ii, 530). D. Nov. 24, 1880.

BROOKE, Rupert, poet. B. Aug. 3, 1887. Ed. Rugby and Cambridge (King s College). Brooke won a prize for poetry in 1905, and took the classical tripos at Cambridge. His Poems was published in 1911, and in 1913 he was elected a fellow of King s College. He entered the Naval .Volunteer Reserve in 1914, and was in the Antwerp Expeditionary Force and the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, in the course of which he suffered a fatal sun stroke. His 1914, and Other Poems (1915), which showed what he might have become had he lived, contain Theistic expressions, yet there is throughout a broad vein of scepticism. He feels sure that there is another life, yet is plainly not sure (p. 27). The poem &quot; Heaven &quot; is an entertaining parody of the prevailing doctrine. In the poem &quot; Mutability &quot; he says, meeting the confident assertion of an after-life,

Dear, we know only that we sigh,

The laugh dies with the lips.

D. Apr. 23, 1915.

BROOKE, Stopford Augustus, author. B. Ireland, Nov. 14, 1832. Ed. Kidder minster, Kingstown, and Trinity College (Dublin). At Trinity he won the Downe

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