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 BOUENEVILLE

BOWEN

1906 Minister of Foreign Affairs. M. Bourgeois, who is one of the most powerful and ardent Pacifists in Europe, is a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague and President of the Society of Social Education. He is an Agnostic and &quot; emphatically anti-clerical &quot; (A. Brisson, Les Prophetes, pp. 276 and 285). In 1920 he was elected President of the Senate.

BOURNEYILLE, Magloire Desire,

French author. B. Dec. 20, 1840. Ed. Paris. He entered the staff of the Bicetre Hospital and wrote a number of medical- Eationalistic works (Science et Miracle, 1875, L Hysteriedans I histoire, 1876, etc.). From 1876 to 1883 he was on the Paris Municipal Council, and in the latter year he entered Parliament and supported the anti - clericals. In 1889 Bourneville delivered an eloquent oration at the un veiling of a statue of Etienne Dolet.

BOUT MY, Professor Emile Gaston,

French sociologist. B. Apr. 13, 1835. Ed. Paris. From journalism Boutmy passed to a chair in the School of Architecture, and later he became Director of, and professor in, the School of Political Science. He wrote a number of brilliant sociological works (notably one on the English Con stitution), and was a member of the Institut, the Academy of Moral and Political Science, and the Legion of Honour. In his beautiful little work, Taine, Scherer, Laboulaye (1901), Prof. Boutmy expresses his entire agreement with the Bationalism of his friends Taine and Scherer. D. Jan., 1906.

BOUTROUX, Professor Etienne Emile Marie, French philosopher. B. July 28, 1845. Ed. Lycee Henri IV, Ecole Normale Superieure, and Heidelberg Uni versity. He taught at Caen, Montpellier, and Nancy, and since 1885 he acted as professor of modern philosophy at the Sorbonne. He was an Officer of the Legion of Honour, Member of the Institut, Director of the Fondation Thiers, Member 99

of the Academie des Sciences morales et politiques, Associate of the Accademia dei Lincei, and Correspondent of the British Academy. In his Science and Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (Eng. trans. ,1909) Prof. Boutroux states that he is &quot; not a dog matic Kationalist who imposes a priori given and immutable forms.&quot; He is a liberal Theist, and he pleads for a sort of Chris tianity &quot; without rites and dogmas.&quot; He does not accept personal immortality. D. Oct. 7, 1919.

BOYIO, Professor Giovanni, Italian jurist and statesman. B. 1841. Ed. Naples. He was appointed professor of the philosophy of law, and later of political economy, at Naples University. In 1876 he entered the Italian Parliament, where he has supported all anti-clerical measures. A bril liant orator and weighty writer, Professor Bovio has not spared the expression of his Rationalist views, especially in his Schema del Naturalismo Matematico (1879). He delivered an eloquent anti-Christian ora tion at the unveiling of the statue of Giordano Bruno at Eome in 1889 (appended to his pamphlet, L Etica da Dante a Bruno). Professor Domizio fully describes his Eationalist (or Monist) philo sophy in II Pensiero di Giovanni Bovio (1904).

BOWEN, Charles Synge Christopher,

Baron Bowen, M.A., D.C.L., judge. B. Jan. 1, 1835. Ed. Lille, Blackheath, Rugby, and Oxford (Balliol). Bowen won the Hertford and Ireland scholarship, first class in &quot; greats,&quot; and the Arnold historical prize. He entered Lincoln s Inn in 1858, and while he studied for the bar he contributed to the Saturday Review, leaving that journal in 1861 as a protest against its attacks on Stanley and Jowett. In 1861 he was called to the bar, and he was junior counsel in the Tichborne case (1871-74). In 1879 he became a judge of the Queen s Bench division, and in 1893 a Lord of Appeal and a Peer. His letters, in Sir H. G. Cunningham s Lord Bowen 100