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 liberal and entirely undogmatic Christian democracy. D. Feb. 12, 1837.

BORROW, George, writer. B. July 5, 1803. Ed. Norwich High School. At the age of seventeen he was articled to a Norwich solicitor, and he fell under the influence of William Taylor, a Pantheist, who turned his thoughts to letters and philology. He went to London to try a literary career in 1824, and two years later published his Romantic Ballads. He had little success and much hardship, and in 1833 he became an agent of the Bible Society, travelling over Germany, Eussia, and the East. From 1835 to 1840 he worked for the Society in Portugal and Spain. His Bible in Spain (3 vols., 1843) made his literary reputation, and was followed by Lavengro (1851) and The Romany Rye (2 vols., 1857). Harriet Martineau tells us that Borrow s Eationalism was so notorious that his engagement with the Bible Society was greeted with a &quot; burst of laughter.&quot; It seems, however, that for a time he was a sincere, if liberal, Christian. In later years he returned to heterodoxy. F. C. Cobbe, who knew him well, says that he believed in the existence of a &quot; Spirit,&quot; which he refused to call God, and rejected Christian doctrines. See Knapp s Life, Writings, and Correspondence of G. Borroiv (2 vols., 1899). D. July 26, 1881.

BOSANQUET, Professor Bernard,

M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., philosopher. B. 1848. Ed. Harrow and Oxford (Balliol first class in Moderations and Litterae Humaniores). He was lecturer at Univer sity College, Oxford (1871-81), University Extension lecturer and official of the Charity Organization Society (1881-97), professor of moral philosophy at St. Andrews (1903-1908), Gifford Lecturer (1911-12), and Adamson Lecturer (1913). Prof. Bosanquet has written a large number of works on philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, and social questions. From 1900 to 1905 he occasionally lectured for the London Ethical Society, but in his Some Suggestions 95

in Ethics (1918) he, while still dissenting from orthodox Christianity, describes non- religious ethical culture as inadequate. He is a Neo-Hegelian, or Absolute Idealist, and rejects the idea of personal immortality. See his Essays and Addresses (1889) and The Value and Destiny of the Individual (1913).

BOSC, Louis Augustin Guillaume,

French naturalist. B. Jan. 29, 1759. Ed. Dijon Academy. He entered the civil service, but devoted his leisure to natural history and letters. Bosc published the Memoires of Mme. Eoland, and was tutor to her daughter. His moderation during the Eevolution obliged him to quit France for America, on which he wrote some valuable papers. After the Eestoration he became professor at the Jardin des Plantes, and rendered great service to French agriculture. D. July 10, 1828.

BOSIS, Adolfo de. See DE Bosis, A.

BOSTROM, Professor Christopher Jacob, Swedish philosopher. B. Jan. 1, 1797. Ed. Upsala University. He first taught at Upsala, then (1833) became tutor to the royal princes, and in 1838 professor of philosophy at Upsala Univer sity (retiring in 1863). Bostrom wrote little, but he had a deep influence on Swedish thought, as he was one of the leading thinkers of Scandinavia. His system is Spiritualist and Pantheistic, only the Absolute, which is undefinable, having real being. He seems to have experienced the influence of Leibnitz. D. Mar. 22, 1866.

BOUCHER DE CREYEC(EUR DE PERTHES, Jacques, French archaeologist. B. Sep. 10, 1788. He was employed on diplomatic missions by Napoleon, and he then retired to Abbeville, where he began his famous collection of prehistoric imple ments. He was the first to establish the antiquity of man and the Stone Age (De la Creation, 5 vols., 1839-41, and other 96