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 La Marseillaise from 1879 to 1882. He was an ardent anti-clerical (L'Agonie de la Papauté, 1868, etc.), and a high authority on English literature. He translated Carlyle's French Revolution.

BARRETT, Thomas Squire, philosophical writer. B. Sep. 9, 1842. Ed. Queenwood College and Oxford. He came of Quaker parents, but early adopted Rationalism and contributed occasionally to the National Reformer (1865-70). He wrote A New View of Causation (1871) and other philosophical works, and was Honorary Secretary of the London Dialectical Society. In 1886 he edited The Present Day, which he bought from G. J. Holyoake. Mr. Barrett is a member of the R. P. A.

BARTHÉLEMY-SAINT-HILAIRE, Jules, philosopher and statesman. B. Aug. 19, 1805. From 1825 to 1828 he was Minister of Finance. He took part in the Revolution of 1830 and, as an active member of the society "Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera" ("Help yourself and Heaven will help you"), zealously fought reaction. He was professor of French literature at the Polytechnic (1834-48) and of Greek philosophy at the College de France (1848-52). In 1869 he joined the Opposition in the Legislative Body, and he afterwards held office under the Republic. It is said that he converted Thiers to the idea of a republic. He never accepted money for political service. In 1875 he became a Senator, and in 1880 Minister of Foreign Affairs and Vice-President of the Senate. A close friend of Cousin and a member of the Institut since 1839, he translated all Aristotle's works (17 vols.) into French, and wrote a number of philosophical works. He was, like Cousin, a liberal nonChristian Theist. D. Nov. 25, 1895.

BARTHEZ, Paul Joseph, M.D., Encyclopaedist. B. Dec. 11, 1734. Ed. Narbonne and Montpellier. He practised medicine at Paris and became Consulting Physician to the King and a Councillor of State. In 1761 ho was appointed professor of medicine at Montpellier, and in 1880 he graduated also in law. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences and other learned bodies, and was a brilliant and versatile writer. A great friend of D'Alembert, he wrote several articles in the Dictionnaire Encyclopedique, and was for a time associate-editor of the Journal des Savants. Larousse records in his Dictionary that when tho Archbishop of Sens showed him some local ritual works he said: "These are the ceremonies of Sens, but can you show me the sense [sens] of ceremonies?" D. Oct. 15, 1806.

BARTOLI, Professor Hector Alexandre, Corsican Rationalist. B. 1820. He graduated in medicine in 1843, and became professor of pathology at Marseilles. He was until his death a leader of the Corsican Liberals, arid he entered the Chambre in 1876 and 1881. Bartoli was a zealous worker for the divorce law, and a strong anti-clerical. D. Nov. 11, 1883.

BARTOSEK, Theodor, Ph.D., LL.D., Moravian lawyer. B. Nov. 4, 1877. Ed. Higher College, Brno, and in an ecclesiastical seminary. He developed Rationalistic views in the seminary, and left for Prague University, where he graduated, completing his studies at Berlin, Paris, and Geneva Universities. As he was a Socialist he was debarred from an academic career, and he chose law, greatly distinguishing himself at the bar. In 1904 he began to take an active part in the Rationalist Movement, and he was conspicuous at the International Congresses in 1906 and 1907. Bartosek is a powerful and tireless propagandist. He edits the Volné Skola.

BARZELOTTI, Professor Giacomo, philosopher. B. July 7, 1844. Ed. Pisa University. He was professor of philosophy at Florence (1868-78), of the history of philosophy at the University of Rome (1881), and of moral philosophy at Pavia (1882-3), Rome (1886), and Naples