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 In 1863 he handed over his fortune (18,000) to the Glasgow faculty of pro curators to erect an institute for the education of the workers, on condition that the interest was allowed to accumulate for twenty-one years. "Baillie's Institution" was duly opened in 1887, and is active in Glasgow to-day. D. Feb. 8, 1873.

BAIN, Alexander, psychologist. B. (Aberdeen) June 11, 1818. He began to earn his living at the age of eleven, but by diligent study and attendance at the Mechanics Institution he secured a bursary at Marischal College and graduated, heading the honours list, in 1840. In 1841 he was appointed assistant professor of moral philosophy. He lost the position, and failed to get another in Scotland, on account of his profession of Rationalism. Coming to London in 1848, he was in succession a civil servant, lecturer at Bedford College, and examiner to the London University. His Senses and the Intellect (1855) and Emotions and the Will (1859) established his reputation, and in 1860 he was, in spite of strong religious opposition, appointed professor of logic and English at Aberdeen University. He retired in 1880, and was elected Lord Rector in 1882 and 1884. He, at his own expense, established the review Mind (1876), and he worked devotedly in the cause of education. Although Bain is often described as a Positivist, he was merely in general agreement with Comte in rejecting metaphysics and theology. He was an Agnostic, and one of the finest psychologists Britain has yet produced. D. Sep. 18, 1903.

BAKUNIN, Mikhail, agitator. B. 1814. Bakunin came of a noble Russian family, served in the army (1832-38), and made an extensive study of philosophy. He travelled widely, and met the advanced thinkers of every country. As he refused to return to Russia, his property was confiscated, and in 1848 he took part in the German revolutionary movement. He was sent to Siberia (1850), and escaped to England, later retiring to Switzerland. The Inter national Socialist Movement rejected him for his Anarchist views (1872). In his God and the State (Eng. trans. 1893) he avowed himself an Atheist and Materialist. D. June 13, 1876.

BALDWIN, Professor James Mark, M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., American psychologist. B. Jan. 12, 1861. Ed. Princeton, Leipzig, and Berlin Universities. He was instructor at Princeton (1885-87), professor of philosophy at Lake Forest (1887-90), of logic and metaphysics at Toronto (1890-93), of psychology at Princeton (1893-1903), and of philosophy and psychology at John Hopkins (1903-9). Since 1909 he has been on the staff of the National University of Mexico. He holds the Gold Medal of the Danish Academy of Science, and was in 1915 Herbert Spencer lecturer at Oxford. Besides his many important works on psychology, including a History of Psychology (2 vols., 1913) which he wrote for the B.P.A., he is editor of The Psychological Review and the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. In his Fragments of Philosophy and Science (1903) he dissents from the creeds, accepting God only as "a construction of the imagination" (based on reality) or "the ideal self."

BALL, William Platt, writer. B. Nov. 28, 1844. Ed. Birkbeck School, London. He was a London schoolmaster who resigned rather than give religious lessons. Ball afterwards entered the service of the Sultan, received the Order of the Medjidieh, and wrote Poems from Turkey (1872). He contributed to the National Reformer and the Freethinker, co-operated with Mr. Foote in his Bible Handbook, and wrote a number of pamphlets. D. Jan., 1917.

BALLANCE, the Hon. John, Prime Minister of New Zealand. B. (Ireland) Mar. 27, 1839. He was apprenticed to an ironmonger in Belfast, kept a shop in