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 ZANGWILL

ZEEFFI

He returned to the Ministry of Justice in 1887, completed Italy s new Criminal Code, and made great reforms in the adminis tration of justice. In 1894, 1896, and 1898 he was President of the Camera, and in 1901 he became Premier. Zanardelli made great efforts, in face of violent Papal hostility, to pass a measure of divorce ; but his health was failing, and he had to retire in November, 1903. D. Dec. 21, 1903.

ZANGWILL, Israel, B.A., writer. B. 1864. Ed. elementary schools (&quot; practically self-educated,&quot; he says). He, however, graduated with Honours at London Uni versity, and became a teacher. From the school he passed to journalism, and for a time edited Ariel. His novels (especially his Ghetto stories Children of the Ghetto, 1892, etc.), essays, poems, and plays (The Melting Pot, 1908, etc.) have given him a distinguished position in English letters ; and he has lectured in the United Kingdom, United States, Holland, and Jerusalem. He is President of the International Jewish Territorial Organization, Vice-President of the League of World-Friendship, and a member of the Committee of the World s Court League. As a writer of the West minster Gazette said in reviewing his Italian Fantasies : &quot; The axe he wields is reason, tempered and edged ; and the hope he burns with is the hope of mankind freed

from the shackles of its own contriving

from the religions that lie strangled in the toils of their creeds.&quot; His Eationalism is so plainly expressed in his play The Next Religion (1912) that the Lord Chamberlain forbade the public performance of it.

ZARCO, Francisco, Mexican writer and politician. B. Dec. 4, 1829. Zarco edited the Siglo XIX and the Ilustraeion, and gave strong support to the Liberals. He was elected to Congress in 1855, and was imprisoned by the triumphant Clericals in 1860. When Juarez came to power he made Zarco a Secretary of State and Presi dent of the Council. D. Dec. 29, 1869. 913

ZELLER, Professor Eduard, German philosopher and historian. B. Jan. 22, 1814. Ed. Tubingen and Berlin Univer sities. In 1840 he began to teach theology at Tiibingen. His views were so liberal that he made no progress there, and in 1847 he was, in spite of heavy clerical hostility, appointed professor of theology at Berne. Zeller was a close friend of D. F. Strauss, and shared his views. He passed to Marburg in 1849, but he presently abandoned theology for philosophy, his Rationalist views putting him outside the Lutheran creed. Up to this period he had been a follower of Hegel, and professed to be a liberal Protestant. The study of Greek philosophy completed his humani tarian conversion, and he became the standard writer on that subject (Die Philosophic der Griechen, 3 vols., 1844-52 ; Grundriss der Geschichte der Griechischen Philosophie, 1883; etc.). In 1862 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Heidelberg, and in 1872 at Berlin, where he lectured with great prestige until 1895. He was made Privy Councillor in 1894, and was loaded with academic honours. His views are best read in his D. F. Strauss in seinem Leben und seinen Schriften geschildert (1874 ; English translation same year) and Friedrich der grosse als Philosoph (1886). D. Mar. 19, 1908.

ZERFFI, George Gustavus, historian. B. (Hungary) 1821. Ed. Buda-Pesth. Zerffi was editor of the Ungar when the revolution of 1848 broke out, and he joined the insurgent army. At the failure of the revolution in 1849 he fled to England and was naturalized. He found employment in the Art Department at South Kensing ton, and in 1868 he was appointed lecturer in connection with the South Kensington schools. He lectured chiefly on house decoration and history. In 1876 he pub lished an esteemed and popular Manual of the Historical Development of Art ; but his interest in general history increased, and he wrote a number of important works on it (The Science of History, 1879 ; Studies

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