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 YOUMANS

ZANAEDELLI

in the United States to popularize Evolution and the doctrine of the correlation and conservation of forces (The Correlation and Conservation of Forces, 1864). Youmans was a thorough Spencerian, and did most valuable work in securing the publication of Spencer s books in America (see Duncan s Life and Letters of H. Spencer, 1908). He secured copyright for other English writers, and in 1871 he planned the &quot; International Science Series &quot; for simultaneous publica tion in six countries. In 1872 he founded the Popular Science Monthly, which he edited until he died. An indefatigable workerand comprehensive idealist, Youmans literally wore out his life in altruistic endeavour. His works include Alcoholism and the Constitution of Man (1853), A Handbook of Household Science (1857), and The Culture Demanded by Modern Life (1868). D. Jan. 18, 1887.

YOUMANS, William Jay, M.D., brother of preceding, American editor. B. Oct. 14, 1838. Ed. Yale and New York Univer sities. He worked on his father s farm until he was sixteen years old. He then studied chemistry under his brother and at Yale, and graduated in medicine at New York. He proceeded to London, and studied under Professor Huxley, for whom he had throughout life the highest regard. After practising medicine for three years in Minnesota, he joined his brother in editing the Popular Science Monthly, and at the death of his brother in 1887 he became sole editor. He often contributed to it, as well as to other magazines and to Appleton s Annual Cyclopedia. Youmans edited the American edition of Huxley s Lessons in Elementary Physiology (1867). He belonged to a number of learned societies. D. 1901.

YOUNGHUSBAND, Sir Francis Edward, K.C.S.L, K.C.I.E., C.I.E., LL.D., D.Sc., soldier, administrator, and writer. B. May 31, 1863. Ed. Clifton and Sand hurst. He joined the First Dragoon Guards in 1882, and became Captain eight years later. In 1890 he was transferred to the 911

Indian Political Department, and discharged various Government missions and exploring expeditions in Asia. In 1892 he was appointed Political Officer at Hunza, and in 1893 Political Agent at Chitral. He served in the Transvaal and Ehodesia in 1896-97 ; and he was Political Agent at Haraoti in 1898, Eesident at Indore in 1902-1903, British Commissioner to Tibet 1902-1904, and Eesident at Kashmir from 1906 to 1909. He was created Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1891, and received the Kaiser-i-Hind medal in 1901. In 1904 he became Knight Com mander of the Indian Empire, and in 1917 Knight Commander of the Star of India. Sir Francis was Eede Lecturer at Cambridge in 1905, and President of the Eoyal Geo graphical Society in 1919. He holds honorary degrees from Edinburgh, Cam bridge, and Bristol Universities, and has written The Eelief of Chitral (1895), The Heart of a Continent (1896), South Africa of To-day (1898), Kashmir (1909), and other works. His Eationalist views are stated in an article in the Hibbert Journal (Oct., 1913) on &quot; Some Laymen s Needs,&quot; his Mutual Influence (1915), and View of Religion (1916). He dissents entirely from the creeds, and, although he advocates the continuance of public prayer and worship, the only Power &quot; he recognizes (which he occasionally calls &quot; the Universal Spirit &quot; or &quot; God &quot;) is not &quot; any separate Personal Being wholly outside men,&quot; but &quot; what results from the Mutual Influence of all men and of all the component parts of the universe &quot; (Mutual Influence, p. 122).

ZANARDELLI, Giuseppe, Italian jurist and statesman. B. Oct. 29, 1826. Zanar- delli took an active part in the revolt against the Papacy in 1848. At its failure he retired to Brescia to teach law, but the Austrian authorities suppressed his lectures. He was elected to the Italian Parliament in 1859, and sat among the members of the Left. In 1876 he became Minister of Public Works, in 1878 Minister of the Interior, and in 1881 Minister of Justice. 912