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 TURATI

TURGOT

views of Herbert Spencer in philosophy and of Proudhon in politics and economics, and in 1881 founded, and for many years edited, the Boston Anarchist periodical, Liberty. He translated works of Proudhon and Bakunin, and wrote Instead of a Book (1893 a Rationalist work), State-Socialism and Anarchism (1899), and other works.

TURATI, Filippo, LL.D., Italian lawyer and writer. B. Nov. 26, 1857. Ed. Bologna University. Graduating in law in 1877, Turati made brilliant progress in his pro fession, and became a Provincial Councillor at Milan. He adopted Socialism, and from 1891 to 1903 he edited the Critica Sociale, the chief organ of his views. In 1895 he began to represent Milan in the Italian Parliament, and he has been for ten years or more one of the most prominent and most enlightened leaders of the Italian Socialists. He has written a number of works, both in prose and verse. Like every other Socialist leader in Italy, he is a thorough Rationalist.

TUCKETT, IYOP LI., M.D., M.A., physio logist. B. Feb., 1873. Ed. Marlborough College and Cambridge (Trinity College). He was first-class in the Natural Science Tripos in 1893 (Part I) and 1894 (Part II), and was awarded a Fellowship of Trinity College in 1895. From 1896 to 1899 he was at University College Hospital. In 1899 he took his degree at Cambridge, was elected a Fellow of University College, London, and went as assistant to the Downing Professor of Medicine at Cam bridge. He resigned before the end of the year, and devoted himself to research and teaching. In 1906 he was compelled by ill-health to resign the position of Senior Demonstrator of Physiology at Cambridge. He visited New Zealand 1907-1909. Besides a number of valuable papers on his science, Dr. Tuckett has written a critical study of Spiritualism (The Evidence for the Supernatural, 1911) ; and in 1920 he gave the Conway Memorial Lecture (Mysticism and the Way Out). He was 817

brought up in the Society of Friends, but he resigned membership about 1904, and is now a convinced Agnostic.&quot;

TURGENIEY, Ivan Sergievich, D.C.L., Russian novelist. B. Nov. 9, 1818. Ed. Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Berlin Uni versities. Turgeniev served for a year in a Government office (1840-41), and then retired to the cultivation of letters. He came of a noble Russian family. His earliest poems (1843) and stories attracted little attention, but in 1852 his Papers of a Sportsman made him very widely known. The realistic pictures he gave of the miser able life of the peasants helped considerably to bring on the emancipation of the serfs. A few years later he published a Letter on Gogol, for which he was imprisoned for a time, and then ordered to remain on his estates until 1855. After that date, until the publication of Virgin Soil (1876), he issued a series of vividly realistic stories which have made him one of the most famous of Russian novelists. His short stories especially are of very high quality. Oxford University conferred on him the degree in Civil Law in 1879. Pavlovsky tells us that Turgeniev &quot; was a Freethinker, ! and detested the apparatus of religion very heartily &quot; (Souvenirs sur Tourg&nief, 1887, p. 242). See also De Vogue s Le roman ntsse (1886). But Turgeniev s complete naturalism is seen in all his work. D. Sep. 4, 1883.

TURGOT, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de Laune, French statesman and economist. B. May 10, 1727. Ed. Sorbonne. Turgot was trained for the Church, but he decided in his twenty-fourth year that he &quot; could not bear to wear a mask all his life,&quot; and he abandoned the clerical world. He had imbibed the spreading ideas of the philo sophers. He took up the study of law and political economy, and was elected a Councillor of the Paris Parlement. In 1753 he became Maitre des Requetes. In 1760 he met Voltaire in Switzerland, and contracted a warm friendship. He was

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