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 SCHOLL

SCHKEINER

politics and modern slavery, Schoelcher wrote La famille, la propriete, et le chris- tianisme (1873) and Le vrai Saint Paul (1879), which give his Eationalist views. D. Dec. 26, 1893.

SCROLL, Aurelien, French journalist. B. July 14, 1833. Scholl began to write on the Paris press at the age of seventeen, and he came in time to be considered one of the leading journalists of the metropolis. Besides writing in every variety of perio dical, he published a volume of poems (Denise, 1857), and composed a number of plays. Of his many other works, his Proces de Jesus Christ (1877) is most interesting to Eationalists. D. 1902.

SCHOPENHAUER, Adele, German writer, sister of the famous philosopher. B. June 2, 1797. Her mother was a novelist, and her father a rich banker of Hamburg, so that Adele was well educated and able to travel. When the father died, in 1806, she settled with her mother in a very cultivated circle at Weimar. The liberality of her ideas was shown when her brother s Eationalist philosophy led to a quarrel with the mother. Adele adhered to her brother. She frequently expresses her Eationalism in her Tagebiicher (2 vols., 1909). Apart from this posthumously published Diary, she wrote a few novels of considerable ability (Anna, 1845 ; Eine danische Geschichte, 1848 ; etc.). D. Aug. 25, 1849.

SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur, German philosopher. B. Feb. 22, 1788. Ed. Ham burg, France, and England. The father educated Arthur to succeed him in his banking business at Hamburg, but he dis liked it and withdrew when the father died. He then made a thorough study of philosophy at Gottingen, Berlin, and Jena Universities. In 1819 he published his great work, the first presentment of his system, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung. He spent some time in travel in Italy, and after his return to Germany tried to set up

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as a lecturer on philosophy at Berlin. The professional philosophers so effectively frustrated him which explains much of his caustic treatment of them that he retired to literary work and study, living at Frankfort. His second great work, Uber den Willen in der Natur, was pub lished in 1836 ; the third, Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik. Schopenhauer s system was largely a reaction from the too purely intellectual nature of the theories of his German predecessors, especially Hegel. For him the fundamental reality is Will, which strives not as a conscious personality to realize itself in nature and man. The failure of the attempt, evidenced by human stupidity, leads to Schopen hauer s pessimism. On the ethical side Schopenhauer more successfully opposed the intuitionalism of the earlier schools. He showed that moral sentiment is based on sympathy (see The Basis of Morality, 1903, translated by A. B. Bullock). He demolishes both the Christian and Kantist ethics with great scorn, and shows the superiority of Buddhism. Schopenhauer s complete works were published in six volumes (1873-74), and have been trans lated into English. D. Sep. 21, 1860.

SCHREINER, Olive, novelist. B. 1862 (in Basutoland). Her father, a missionary from London, was at work among the natives of South Africa. She wrote the Story of an African Farm before she was twenty, and brought it to England for publication. It appeared, under the pseu donym of &quot; Ealph Iron,&quot; in 1883 ; and none suspected that its drastic Eationalism was written by a woman. It is an auto biographical account of the way in which she reacted on her sombre Calvinistic environment and became an Atheist (see pp. 127, 285, etc.). The story was followed by Dreams in 1891, and three years later she married Mr. S. C. Cronwright. As Mrs. Cronwright- Schreiner she has pub lished Trooper Peter HalJcet (1897), Woman and Labour (1911), and other works ; but her fame rests chiefly on the work of her 720