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 SCHAFER

SCHEBER

Minister of Finance in 1882. In 1886 he was admitted to the Acad6mie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. Say, who was one of the greatest French economists of modern times, shared the moderate Liberalism and the Agnosticism of his friend Thiers. D. Apr. 21, 1896.

SCHAFER, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey, M.D., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., physiologist. B. 1850. From 1874 to 1883 he was assistant professor of physiology at London University College, and from 1883 to 1899 Jodrell professor. He was general secretary of the British Association from 1895 to 1900, and President of the Associa tion in 1912, when he delivered at the annual meeting a remarkable address on the origin of life. He was knighted in 1913, and in the same year he was chair man at the annual dinner of the Rationalist Press Association. Sir Edward holds the Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians (1897), the Royal Medal of the Royal Society (1902), and the Distinguished Service Medal of the Royal Life- Saving Society (1909). Since 1899 he has been professor of physiology at Edinburgh Uni versity, and he is editor of the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. He has written many important works and papers on his science. His Rationalistic views are expressed in an article, &quot; The Origin of Life,&quot; in the B. P. A. Annual for 1914 (pp. 3-8).

SCHEFFER, Ary, French painter. B. Feb. 12, 1795. Son of a German artist, Scheffer settled in Paris in his nineteenth year and studied under Guerin. He belonged at first to the Romanticist move ment, and painted religious and historical subjects. He joined the Carbonari, how ever, and took an active nart in the insur rectionary campaign against the Bourbons and their clerical supporters. In 1829 he visited Holland, and from that date he showed the influence of Rembrandt. He continued to paint religious subjects, but took equal inspiration from Goethe s works. 713

In a third phase he looked chiefly to Biblical subjects. He was all his life a convinced Theist, with an ethical and sentimental regard for Christianity ; but he remained outside it all his life. He was intimate in his later years with Renan, who married his niece Cornelie. In this, his last, phase he was chiefly occupied in painting portraits. D. July 17, 1858.

SCHELLING, Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, German philo sopher. B. Jan. 27, 1775. Ed. Tubingen and Leipzig Universities. In 1798 he was, through the influence of Goethe, appointed extraordinary professor of philosophy at Jena, and in 1803 he went as professor to Wiirzburg. Three years later he took the post of general secretary of the Royal Academy of Art at Munich, and he was ennobled by the King. In 1820 he quarrelled with Jacobi, President of the Academy, and went to lecture at Erlangen. He returned to Munich in 1827, to take the chair of philosophy at the new university, and he was admitted to the Privy Council and made President of the Academy of Science. In 1840 he was invited to take the chair of philosophy at Berlin Univer sity ; but the outspoken Rationalism of his lectures raised such a storm that he retired to private life. Schelling has been called &quot;the Proteus of philosophy&quot; on account of the many changes of his views. He underwent, in succession, the influence of Kant, Fichte, Plato, and Hegel. But he was always a Pantheist, and did not accept personal immortality. He was well versed in science, and taught an evolutionary philosophy of nature. D. Aug. 20, 1854.

SCHERER, Edmond Henri Adolphe,

D.D., French writer. B. Apr. 8, 1815. Ed. Strassburg University. Scherer began to study law, but abandoned it for divinity, in which he graduated. He was ordained a Protestant minister in 1843, and was appointed professor at the Ecole Evan- gelique at Geneva. Several years later he passed to a moderate Rationalism, and 714