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 &quot;EUTHEEFOED, MAEK

ST. EVEEMOND

He is a member of the E. P. A., and a much esteemed speaker at its annual dinners.

&quot;RUTHERFORD, Mark.&quot; See WHITE, WILLIAM HALE.

RYDBERG, Professor Abraham Viktor,

Swedish novelist and poet. B. Dec. 18, 1828. Ed. Wexio Gymnasium and Lund. He adopted journalism and letters as his profession; a series of historical novels, which were translated into various lan guages, gave him a commanding place in Swedish letters. His few lyric poems (Dikter, 1882) are among the finest in Swedish. In 1884 he was appointed pro fessor of the history of civilization at Stockholm University. Eydberg was a most powerful influence for Eationalism in Sweden. His critical works (chiefly Bibelris liira om Kristus, 1862 ; Medetidens magi, 1864 ; and Bomeska scigner om Paulus och Kristus, 1874) riddled the creeds of all the Churches, and did much for the emancipation of Scandinavia. D Sep 21 1895.

SAFFI, Aurelio, LL.D., Italian states man. B. Oct. 13, 1819. Ed. Farli and Eome. During his studentship he joined the liberal movement and became a strong opponent of the Papal Church and Govern ment. He returned to Farli in 1844, and in the following year he published, anony mously, a Rimostrama against the Papal administration of his province ; and he helped to organi-ze the rebellion. In 1849 Farli sent him as Deputy to the Constit uent Assembly, and he was appointed Minister of the Interior. With Mazzini, of whom he was a warm friend, and Armellini, he formed the second Trium virate. The failure of the Eepublic drove him to Geneva, where he collaborated with Mazzini on the Italia del Popolo ; [but he was expelled in 1851, and settled at London for nine years. He wrote in the Westmin ster Review and other magazines, and lectured a good deal on Italy. In 1860 he returned to Italy. Garibaldi offered him 695

a high position, but he clung to Mazzini, and led the party after Mazzini s death in 1872. He edited Mazzini s writings, and wrote a few historical works ; and in 1878 he lectured at Bologna University. D. Apr. 10, 1890.

SAINTE-BEUYE, Charles Francois

de, French writer. B. Dec. 23, 1804. Ed. Boulogne and Paris (College Charle magne, College Bourbon, and Ecole de Medecine). Sainte-Beuve had a thorough training in science, as may be gathered from the psychological power of his later criticisms and biographies. He began as a writer on the Globe in 1824, and in 1829 published his first work (Vie, poesies, et pensees de J. Delorme). He was at this time a Eomanticist, of the school of Victor Hugo, and he &quot; accepted God and all the consequences,&quot; as he said. There was then a phase of Saint-Simonism, and for some time he followed Lamennais. In the thirties he abandoned all his Eoman ticist and Catholic sympathies, and pub lished a realistic novel Volupte. In his Pensees d aoilt (1837) he shed the last remnants of religion, and applied himself seriously to the study of history and science, and the writing of the literary criticisms and biographical sketches which made him famous. From 1840 to 1848 he was librarian of the Institut, in 1848-49 professor at Liege, in 1849 professor of Latin poetry at the College de France, and from 1857 to 1861 professor at the Ecole Norm ale. He was admitted to the Academy in 1844, and to the Senate in 1865. In his later years, Lanson says in the Grande Encydopedie, he became &quot;more and more hostile to religion,&quot; and was &quot; the protector of Freethought &quot; in the Senate. D Oct 13, 1869.

ST. EYREMOND, Charles de Mar- guetel de Saint Denis, Seigneur de,

French writer. B. Apr. 1, 1610. Son of the Due de Montpensier, he was educated by the Jesuits at the College de Clermont and the College d Harcourt. He studied 696