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 EOYCE

EUGE

1887 Minister of Finance and head of the Cabinet; from 1889 to 1892 Minister of Finance ; from 1902 to 1905 Minister of Finance in the Combes Cabinet, during the disestablishment of the Church ; and in 1905-1906 Premier. He had passed to the Senate in 1903. M. Eouvier was one of the ablest of French financiers, and an energetic worker in the various stages of the secularization of France. D. June 7, 1911.

ROYCE, Professor Josiah, Ph.D.,

American philosopher. B. Nov. 20, 1855. Ed. California, Leipzig, Gottingen, and Johns Hopkins Universities. In 1878 he was appointed instructor in English at California University ; in 1882 instructor in philosophy at Harvard ; in 1885 asso ciate professor ; in 1892 professor of the history of philosophy at Harvard ; and in 1914 Alford professor of natural history, moral philosophy, and civil polity. Eoyce s early works deal with logic and mathe matics, and even include a novel ; but his later works are among the most important treatises on metaphysics (especially The World and the Individual, 2 vols., 1900- 1901, the Gifford Lectures) that America has produced. He wrote much on natural religion (The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, 1885 ; The Conception of God, 1897 ; The Conception of Immortality, 1900; etc.), to which he attached great importance ; though the general public will find it difficult to discover what precise shade of Theism or Pantheism he advocated. On the question of immortality he has a somewhat plainer article in the Hibbert Journal (July, 1907). He recognizes an immortality of some heterodox character, but adds : &quot; I pretend to no knowledge about my future fortunes &quot; (p. 744) which hardly entitles Christian writers to quote him. Professor Eoyce was President of the American Philosophical Association and the American Psychological Association in 1901 ; and he was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Arts and Letters. D. Sep. 14, 1916.

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ROYER, Clemence Auguste, French writer and economist. B. Apr. 24, 1830. Mile. Eoyer, who came of a Catholic- Eoyalist family, was educated in a convent, but few women ever emancipated them selves more emphatically or reached a more intellectual standard of work. In 1850 she settled in England for a few years, and she then lived in Switzerland, where she made a thorough study of science and philosophy. In 1859 she lectured on philosophy to women at Lausanne. She attained also a considerable command of economics, was associate editor of Le nouvel economiste, and in 1860 shared with Proudhon a prize offered by the Government of Vaud for a work on the theory of taxation (which was published in 1862). In the same year, while the experts hesitated, she translated into French Darwin s Origin of Species ; and in a courageous preface she pointed out the Eationalistic implications which Darwin had not then cared to notice. In later years she wrote a large number and great variety of works, especially on anthropology, which contributed materially to Eationalist education in France. Her most ambitious work was La constitution du monde (1900), in which she elaborated a theory of the atom (superseded by the recent progress of physics) with great learning and mathematical skill. D. 1902.

RUGE, Professor Arnold, Ph.D.,

German philosopher. B. Sep. 13, 1802. Ed. Halle, Jena, and Heidelberg Univer sities. Euge, who was severely trained in philology and philosophy, at once joined in the advanced political movement, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. He used the leisure to complete his classical education, translated Thucydides and a tragedy of Sophocles, and wrote a play. He was appointed professor of paedagogy, and later (1831) of aesthetics, at Halle Uni versity. With his colleague Echtermayer, he in 1838 founded the Hallische Jahr- bilcher, which were heavily attacked by the clergy for heresy, and had to be submitted to censorship. In 1839 he translated into

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