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 RATCLIFFB

RAWLINSON

1869-70 he sat on the extreme left in the Chambre. He demanded the expulsion of the Jesuits and the separation of Church and State. Raspail was at ono time so distinguished in organic chemistry that he is often described as one of the founders of the science in France. In 1833 he won the Montyon Prize of the Academy of Sciences (10,000 francs). D. Jan. 7, 1878. j

RATCLIFFE, Samuel Kerkham,

journalist and lecturer. B. 1868. Mr. j Ratcliffe is one of the regular lecturers for j the Ethical Societies at London. He ! edited the Echo in 1900, and from 1903 to 1906 he was acting-editor of the Calcutta Statesman. At one time secretary of the Sociological Society, he now spends a con siderable part of each year lecturing on | sociological subjects in America, and is London representative of the New York New Republic. He contributed a chapter to the Ethical symposium, A Generation of Religious Progress (1916). Mr. Ratcliffe concludes that &quot;the very revival of super stition and the manufacture of new creeds are evidence of profound dissatisfaction with the established orthodoxies, and of the determination of the human spirit to find a satisfying means of expression for the craving after reality &quot; (p. 109).

RAU, Albrecht, German writer. B. Nov. 19, 1843. In his earlier years Rau was a student of, and writer on, chemistry. In middle life he became more interested in philosophy and psychology, and pub lished a number of outspoken Rationalist [ works (Ludwig Feuerbach s Philosophic, \ 1882 ; Die Ethik Jesu, 1899 ; Der moderne Panpsychismus, 1901 ; Das Wesen des menschlichen Verstandes und Beivusstsein s, 1910 ; etc.). He was one of the founders of the Monist League.

RAWLINSON, Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke, baronet, K.C.B., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D., Assyriologist. B. Apr. 11, 1810. Ed. Wrington and Baling. He secured a cadetship in the East India

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Company s service, and, going out to the East, distinguished himself by his rapid mastery of the Hindu and Persian languages. From 1833 to 1839 he was employed in Persia, where he reorganized the army. He returned to India, and was appointed assistant to Sir W. Macnaghten in Afghanistan, and in the following year political agent at Kandahar. For his services in the Afghan War he was made Commander of the Bath (1814), and he received the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun and the Durrani Order. This closed the military part of his career, the remainder of his life being devoted to oriental studies. He was appointed Consul at Baghdad, and in the course of 1844-46 he discovered the key to the Cuneiform script and opened Assyrian literature to the world. He was created K.C.B. and nomi nated Crown Director of the East India Company in 1856, minister plenipotentiary to Persia in 1859, member of the India Council in 1868, Trustee of the British Museum in 1876, and baronet in 1891. In 1858-59 and from 1865 to 1868 Sir Henry sat in the House of Commons. He had the Prussian Order Pour le Merite and numerous decorations, and belonged to a large number of learned bodies. From 1878 to 1881 he was President of the Royal Asiatic Society, and in 1871-72 and 1874-75 of the Royal Geographical Society. As Sir Henry s biography was written by an ecclesiastic (his brother, Canon Rawlinson), his Rationalist views are not obtruded on the reader ; but the Canon does not attempt to misrepresent them. He diplomatically says : &quot; Not committed to the daily performance of those religious acts and practices which to many are the essentials of an upright life, he held the broad view of doing good because it was good ; because it was for the benefit of human creatures generally, and at the same time for the glorification of

the Creator his views were the reverse

of dogmatic&quot; (A Memoir of Major-General Sir H. C. Rawlinson, 1898, p. 303). In short, he was a non-Christian Theist who

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