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 PUTNAM

QUATKEFAGES DE BEEAU

Taking over the agitation from his father, he in 1887 had the chief part in organizing the American Copyright League, and was for some years its secretary. The reform was won in 1891. Besides works on copy right Mr. Putnam has written a number of scholarly works (notably his Censorship of the Church of Borne, 2 vols., 1906-1907; Abraham Lincoln, 1909 ; G. P. Putnam, 1912 ; and Memories of a Publisher, 1915). He wears the Cross of the Legion of Honour, and was President of the American Eights League in 1915-16 and the Free Trade League in 1916. Mr. Putnam is one of the most sincere and influential workers for amity between England and America, and he is an Agnostic and a humanitarian of very high ideals. Although he was over seventy when the European War broke out, and is still fully employed in business, none in America worked with more energy and self-sacrifice to bring the nation to a sense of its duty.

PUTNAM, Samuel Palmer, American writer and lecturer. B. July 23, 1838. Ed. common schools Cornish and Epsom (U.S.), Pembroke Academy, and Dart mouth College. Son of a Congregationalist minister, he left college just as the Civil War began, and rose from the ranks to the position of Captain. He afterwards studied for three years in the Chicago Theological Seminary, and in 1868 became a Congrega tionalist minister. In 1871 he seceded from the Congregationalists and joined the Unitarians. After some years as Unitarian minister he &quot; gave up all relations what soever with the Christian religion, and became an open and avowed Freethinker&quot; (he says in his Four Hundred Years of Freethought, p. 788). He was in the Civil Service until 1887, when he was appointed Secretary of the American Secular Union, and later in the same year President. He was President of the California State Liberal Union in 1891, and of the Freethought Federation of America in 1892. In 1887 he founded the San Francisco Freethought. Putnam 627

estimated that in ten years he travelled more than a hundred thousand miles giving Eationalist lectures, and his pen was hardly less active. His chief work is a large and eloquent history of Eation- alism, especially in America (Four Hundred Years of Freethought, 1894).

PYAT, Aime Felix, French writer and politician. B. Oct. 4, 1810. Ed. Jesuit College de Bourges and Paris University. After a brilliant course of law, Pyat took to political journalism, writing in the Figaro, Charivari, Revue de Paris, and other journals. He took part in the 1830 Eevolution, was imprisoned for six months in 1844, and was very active in the 1848 Eevolution. Although he was a millionaire (in the French sense), he was an advanced Socialist, and a bitter enemy of the Church and royalty. Proudhon called him &quot; the aristocrat of the democracy.&quot; He had abandoned Christianity at the university. In 1852 he was driven from France, and he lived in England until he was amnestied in 1869. He at once incurred a fresh pro secution, fled to England, and was con demned in his absence to five years in prison. He joined the Commune in 1871, and in the same year was sent to the National Assembly. Once more he was driven out of France, and was condemned to death in his absence, though he was again pardoned, and was elected to the Chambre. D. Aug. 3, 1899.

QUATREFAGES DE BREAU, Jean Louis Armande, M.D., D. esSci., French zoologist and anthropologist. B. Feb. 10, 1810. Ed. College de Tournon, College de Strassburg, and Paris University. Quatre- fages was trained in mathematics and philosophy as well as medicine. He began to practise at Toulouse, and founded the Journal de Medicine et de Chirurgie de Toulouse. In 1838 he was appointed pro fessor of zoology at the Toulouse Faculty of Sciences, and two years later he went to Paris and engaged in scientific journalism. He discharged several scientific missions in

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