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 PANCOUCKE

PAQUET

in Europe. Liberals complained of his provocativeness, but he preserved the peace, and he rendered many a service to oppressed peoples. He sympathized with the Greek Rebellion, protected Kossuth and other refugees, aided the Garibaldians in Italy, and generally despised and thwarted the more despotic monarchs of Europe. He worked energetically for the suppression of the slave-trade, and supported Shaftesbury in his efforts to reduce the working hours of women and children. In 1852-53 he was Home Secretary, and from 1855 to 1858, and 1859-65, he was Prime Minister. Talleyrand said that Palmerston was the only statesman in England in his time. He was a very industrious worker, an unostentatious and kindly man ; and he ended his life loaded with dignities and honours. Palmerston never wrote or spoke about religion, and his biographers are silent on the point, but in the inner poli tical circle it was well known that he was an advanced Rationalist, if not an Agnostic. In his Life of Gladstone Lord Morley, who presumably heard it from Gladstone, says : &quot; The Church in all its denominations was on terms of cool and reciprocated indiffer ence with one who was above all else the man of this world &quot; (i, 543). D. Oct. 18, 1865.

PANCOUCKE, Charles Joseph, French publisher and writer. B. Nov. 26, 1736. Pancoucke established a book-selling busi ness at Paris in 1764, went on after a time to publishing, and was highly esteemed by the great Rationalists of the age. He bought the Mercure de France, and pub lished the works of Voltaire and Buffon, the memoirs of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Inscriptions, and most of the important works of the time. He was himself a writer of considerable culture. He translated Lucretius (2 vols., 1768), wrote a Discours philosophique sur le Beau (1779), and translated Tasso (5 vols., 1785). In 1789 he founded the Moniteur, which became the organ of the Revolutionary -Government. D. Dec. 19, 1798. 581

PANIZZA, Professor Mario, M.D.,

Italian physiologist. Panizza is professor of the physiological anatomy of the nervous centres at Rome University, and is a high authority on that branch of his science. He is a member of the Higher Council of Public Instruction and of the Academy of Medicine. Ueberweg, in his History of Philosophy, classes him as a Positivist, but the word must be taken in the Italian sense of strictly excluding theology and metaphysics, not in the religious sense. His chief work, La fisiologia del sistema nervoso e ifatti psichici (1887), rejects the idea of a spiritual soul ; and he has pub lished a fine eulogy of Giordano Bruno (Anniversario del supplizio di Giordano Bruno, 1890).

PAPILLON, J. Henri Fernand, French writer. B. June 5, 1847. After finishing his scholastic career, Papillon devoted him self to scientific and political journalism. He contributed to the Courrier Franqais, which was suppressed in 1868, then to the Rationalistic La Liberte and Larousse s Grand Dictionnaire. After a few years as provincial editor, he returned to Paris and earned high esteem by his articles in the Revue de Philosophie Positive and the Revue des Deux Mondes, and by the scientific and philosophic memoirs he addressed to the Academy of Moral Sciences. His views are best given in a work, Nature et la vie (1873), which he published just before his premature death. He leaned rather to Rationalism of the spiritual kind in his later years, and sought to reconcile science and philosophy, but never embraced Chris tianity. D. Dec. 31, 1873.

PAQUET, Rene Henri Remi, French writer. B. Sep. 29, 1845. Ed. Metz and Paris. He studied law, and practised for some years at the Paris Court of Appeal ; but his chief interest was in science, and he early abandoned the law. Under the name of &quot; Neree Qu6pat &quot; he wrote in the Revue de Zoologie and other scientific papers. He is especially expert on orni- 582