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Medical College. After considerable expe rience in hospitals, she began to practise, especially for women and the poor, often refusing fees. She published a popular work on physiology, The House of Life (1878), and wrote much in periodicals. From 1876 to 1882 she sat on the London School Board, and she abandoned medical practice in order to devote her time to reform movements. In a lecture delivered to the London Sunday Lecture Society on March 11, 1877, on Harriet Martineau, she repudiates &quot; superstition and priestcraft,&quot; and declares herself an Agnostic like Miss Martineau.

MILLERAND, Alexandre, French statesman. B. Feb. 10, 1859. Ed, Lycee Henri Quatre and Lycee Michelet. Millerand was educated for the Bar and practised with great success. In 1883 he joined the staff of Clemenceau s paper, La Justice, and he later edited La Petite Bepublique. He entered the Chambre, as a Eadical-Socialist, in 1885, and soon became a leader of his party. In 1899 he broke with the extreme Socialists and accepted the Ministry of Commerce. During his three years administration he secured many benefits to Labour, especially in connection with Old Age Pensions. He was again Minister of Commerce in 1909, then Minister of Public Works, and in 1912-14 Minister of War. In 1920 he was elected Premier.

MILLIERE, Jean Baptiste, LL.D., French politician. B. Dec. 13, 1817. Milliere, a son of poor parents, went early from his village school into a cooper s shop, but he studied assiduously, and suc ceeded in graduating in law. The Revolu tion of 1848 attracted him to Paris, where he engaged in advanced journalism. After Napoleon Ill s coup d etat he was deported to Algiers. Returning at the amnesty of 1859, he collaborated with Rochefort on the Marseillaise, and in 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly. He had taken no part in the Commune, but he 509

was accused of having done so, and was shot, crying &quot; Long Live Humanity,&quot; on May 26, 1871.

MILNES, Richard Monckton, Baron Houghton, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., writer and politician. B. June 19, 1809. Ed. privately, Cambridge (Trinity College), and London University College. He settled in London in 1835, and entered Parliament two years later. At first he was a Con servative, but he later passed to the Liberal side and conspicuously supported reforms. He published several volumes of verse (1838 and 1840), The Life and Letters of Keats (1848), and a series of Monographs (1873) which give admirable character- sketches of his numerous friends. In 1863 he passed to the House of Lords as Baron Houghton, and he was at various times President of the Social Science Congress, President of the London Library, Foreign Secretary of the Royal Academy, and Trustee of the British Museum. His poems often suggest his Rationalism, but it is more pointedly expressed in a collection of his sayings appended to Sir T. Wemyss Reid s Life, Letters, and Friendships of B. Monckton Milnes (1890). He defines himself as &quot; a Puseyite sceptic,&quot; and says that &quot; Christianity is the consummation, the perfection, of idolatry&quot; (ii, 491, 492). D. Aug. 11, 1885.

MILYUKOY, Professor Pavel Nikolae- vitch, Russian historian. B. 1859. Ed. Moscow University. From 1886 to 1895 he was a teacher of history at Moscow University. Being banished for his liberal views, he accepted the chair of history at Sofia University in 1897-98, and after wards travelled a good deal. From 1901 to 1905 he was on the staff of the Chicago University. In the latter year he returned to Russia, was elected to the Duma, and was one of the leaders of the &quot; Cadets &quot; ( = C. D. s, or Constitutional Democrats). He edited the Free Nation and Popular Eights, and was one of the Liberal leaders who effected the Revolution of 1917. 510