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 MANEN

because of the supposed viciousness of his ethical doctrine. Mr. J. M. Eobertson (Pioneer Humanists, 1907, pp. 230-70) shows that there is a great deal of prejudice and inaccuracy in this familiar charge. His thesis, that &quot; private vices are public benefits,&quot; is largely a paradoxical hit at moral conventionalism, and largely a glori fication of private enterprise (or private appetite, avarice, etc.). D. Jan. 21, 1733.

MANEN, Professor Willem Christian van, D.D., Dutch theological writer. B. Aug. 8, 1842. Ed. Utrecht University. After graduating, Dr. Van Manen served at various places as a pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church from 1865 to 1884. In the latter year he was appointed professor of theology at Groningen University, and in 1885 professor of Ancient Christian Literature and New Testament Exegesis at Leyden University. He edited the Theo- logische Tijdscript (1890-1905), and wrote a large number of theological works (chiefly Paulus, 3 vols., 1890-96) and papers. He remained a Theist to the end, but in 1904 he became an Honorary Associate of the E. P. A. D. July 12, 1905.

MANGASARIAN, Mangasar Mugur- ditch, American lecturer. B. (in Turkey, of Armenian parents) Dec. 29, 1859. Ed. Eobert College, Constantinople, and Princeton Theological Seminary. He was ordained a minister of the Congregational Church in 1878, and accepted a pastorate at Marsovan (Turkey). After two years in Turkey he spent three further years (1882-85) as pastor of Spring Gardens Church, Philadelphia. He severed his connection in 1885, and was for four years an independent preacher at Philadelphia. From 1892 to 1897 he was lecturer to the Chicago Society of Ethical Culture, and in 1900 he established the Chicago Indepen dent Eeligious Society, a purely Ration alistic body. Mr. Mangasarian is an elo quent Agnostic lecturer, with much influence in Chicago, and has written A New Catechism (1902) and other Eationalist works. 477

MANTEGAZZA, Professor Paolo,

Italian anthropologist. B. Oct. 31, 1831. Ed. Pisa, Milan, and Pavia Universities. He practised medicine for some years in the Argentine, and returned to Italy in 1858. Two years later he was appointed professor of pathology at Pisa University, and in 1870 he became professor of anthropology at the Florentine Istituto di Studii Supe- riori. He founded an anthropological museum and journal at Florence, and showed great zeal for popular education. Professor Mantegazza wrote some distin- tinguished medical and anthropological works, but his Agnostic views are chiefly expressed in a novel, II Dio Ignoto (1876). He also actively supported the Anti-Papal party in politics, entering the Camera in 1865 and the Senate in 1876.

MARAT, Jean Paul, French Eevolu- tionist. B. May 24, 1744. Marat was a student of medicine who deserted his science for teaching and writing. In 1774 he taught French in Edinburgh, and in the same year he embodied his advanced ideas in his Chains of Slavery. In the following year he published De I homme (3 vols.. 1775), a thoroughly Materialist work, and he wrote various other scientific works. At the outbreak of the Eevolution he, though a cultivated man, became a leader of the extremists. He edited the Ami du Peuple, and later the Journal de la Bepublique. He was assassinated by Charlotte Corday July 13, 1793.

MARCHENA, Jose, Spanish writer. B. 1768. Marchena was educated for the Catholic priesthood, and made brilliant studies, but he adopted and freely expressed the ideas of the French Eationalists. In order to escape the Inquisition he fled to France, where he wrote an Essai de theo- logie (1797), and translated into Spanish Moliere s anti-clerical Tartufe, Dupuis s Origine de tous les cultes, and some of Voltaire s works. The cruelties of his revolutionary friends (Marat, etc.) shocked him, and he was expelled for criticizing. 478