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LICK

works, of which the Corneille inconnu (1876) was crowned by the Academy. Levallois was himself a Theist, but he gives frank testimony to the Agnosticism of Sainte Beuve .whose life he wrote (1872). D. Sep., 1903.

LEYY-BRUHL, Professor Lucien,

French writer. B. Apr. 10, 1857. Ed. Lycee Charlemagne and Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris. After teaching for some years in various colleges, he was in 1895 appointed lecturer at the Ecole Normale Superieure, and in 1899 professor of litera ture at the Sorbonne and lecturer at the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques. He edited the letters of J. S. Mill to Comte (1899), and there are English translations of his valuable History of Modern Philo sophy in France (1899) and Philosophy of Auguste Comte (1903). Professor Levy- Bruhl is not a Positivist, but Mr. F. Harrison says that &quot; no one abroad or at home has so truly grasped and assimilated Comte s ideas &quot; as he has done.

LEWES, George Henry, philosophical writer. B. 1817. Ed. private schools. Lewes was a grandson of the actor, C. L. Lewes. He wrote a play at the age of sixteen, and in later years appeared several times on the stage. He was, however, fascinated by philosophy in his youth. He was a clerk in London, and he belonged to a small club which often discussed philo sophy. Before he was twenty years old he projected a work on philosophy physio logically interpreted. From 1840 onward he supported himself by his pen, and had considerable repute as a literary critic. His Biographical History of Philosophy (2 vols., 1845-46) is Comtist to the extent of slighting metaphysics and theology, but he was never a thorough Positivist. He was literary editor of the Leader in 1850, and a familiar figure in the brilliant Eationalist group of the time. In 1854 he sacrificed his position by leaving an uncongenial wife and going with Miss Evans (&quot; George Eliot &quot;) to Germany. He 443

continued to work hard for the support and proper education of his children. In Germany he wrote his Life of Goethe (1855). On his return to England he made a severe study of physiology and zoology, and he was first editor of the Fortnightly Revietv (1865). His mingled interest in philosophy and physiology led at last to the production of his chief work, Problems of Life and Mind (4 vols., 1873-79), in which he may be described as Agnostic with a leaning to Materialism. Lewes was a brilliant scholar, a generous and fine- minded man, and a chivalrous controver sialist. D. Nov. 28, 1878.

LEYDS, Willem Johannes, LL.D.,

South African statesman. B. (Java) 1857. Ed. Amsterdam University. He went to South Africa and entered the service of the Eepublic. In 1880 he became Secre tary of State, in 1884 Attorney General, in 1889 Justice of Peace for the whole Eepublic, and again Secretary of State in 1893. In 1897 he came to Europe as representative of the Transvaal. Dr. Loyds has written a number of works on law and on South African history.

LICHTENBERGER, Professor Henri,

French writer. B. (in Alsace) Mar. 12, 1864. Ed. Strassburg Gymnasium, Lycees Condorcet and Louis le Grand, and Paris and Strassburg Universities. He has been professor of the German language and literature at Paris University since 1887, and he follows the Eationalism of Nietzsche (La philosophic de Nietzsche, 1898). He has written also on Heine and on Wagner, as well as on German ques tions.

LICK, James, American philanthropist. B. Aug. 22, 1796. Lick had a poor educa tion, but he came to possess a prosperous piano-manufacturing business in New York, France, and South America. In 1847 he settled in San Francisco and invested all his money in real estate, which made him in the course of time one 444