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 LAVELEYE

LAYAED

are given chiefly in Religion and Bigotry (1894) and Gospel Christianity versus Dogma (1900). D. July 13, 1904.

LAYELEYE, Professor Emile de,

Belgian economist. B. Apr. 5, 1822. Ed. Ghent University. In 1864 he received the chair of national economy at Liege University. He was elected member of the Institut in 1869, was associate editor of the Revue de Belgique, and wrote a large number of economic and sociological works which gave him a European reputa tion. Professor de Laveleye s nationalism is warmly expressed in his work, Le parti clerical en Belgique (1874). There are bio graphical studiesof him by Potvin (1892) and Goblet d Alviella (1895). D. Jan. 3, 1892.

LAYISSE, Professor Ernest, French historian. B. Dec. 17, 1842. Ed. Ecole Normale Superieure. After spending a few years as secretary of the historian Duruy, then as teacher in provincial schools, Lavisse became in 1875 a professor at the Paris Normal School, and in 1888 professor of modern history at the Univer sity. His chief work, written in collabora tion with Eambaud, is the standard His- toire g&nerale du IV siecle a nos jours (12 vols., 1893-1901). His Eationalistic agreement with Duruy is seen in his biography of that statesman and historian (Un ministre : V. Duruy). He is a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, a member of the Academy, and Director of the Ecole Normale Superieure.

LAYROY, Professor Pytr LavroYich,

Eussian mathematician. B. 1823. Ed. private tutors and St. Petersburg Artillery School. After two years in the army, he was in 1844 appointed professor of mathe matics at the Artillery School ; but he adopted revolutionary opinions, and was banished to the provinces. Escaping to Paris in 1870, he edited the revolutionary Uperyod in that city and at London. Lavrov wrote a number of able works, but his chief work (The Evolution and History 429

of Human Thought] was left unfinished at his death. He was a close student of philo sophy, and an Agnostic. D. Feb. 5, 1900.

LAW, Harriet, lecturer. B. 1832. Mrs. Law, a London lady, used to attend the Secular Hall for the purpose of refuting the speakers. Mr. Law, whom she married, shared her work, and both were converted to Secularism. For thirty years she was the only woman Secularist lecturer in England, and she had to endure much insult and even assault. In 1878 she edited the Secular Chronicle. D. 1897.

LAWRENCE, Sir William, F.E.S., surgeon. B. July 16, 1783. Ed. private school and St. Bartholomew s Hospital. In 1805 he became a member of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, in 1813 assistant surgeon at St. Bartholomew s, in 1814 surgeon to the London Eye Hospital, and in 1815 surgeon to the Eoyal Hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlehem and professor of anatomy at the Eoyal College of Surgeons. From 1824 to 1867 he was surgeon at St. Bartholomew s. He delivered the Hunterian Oration in 1834 and 1846, and was surgeon to the Queen, President of the Medical and Chirurgical Society (1831), and President of the Eoyal College of Surgeons (1846 and 1855). The lectures he delivered at the College of Surgeons in 1817-18 (Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural His tory of Man) were violently criticized by theologians, but in the later editions (9th edition in 1848) he retains the offending passages, plainly denies the inspiration of the Bible (pp. 168-69), warmly praises Voltaire, and professes only a Deistic belief in God and immor tality. D. July 5, 1867.

LAYARD, The Right Honourable Sir Austen Henry, G.C.B., D.C.L., P.C., Assyriologist. B. Mar. 5, 1817. Ed. Eamsgate and Moulins. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to an uncle who was a solicitor, but in 1839 he aban doned the law, and went to the East. He 430