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 KNUTZEN

KEEJEI

greater liberty of expression for the brilliant group of Victorian Eationalists who worked with him, he established the Nineteenth Century, which he edited and owned until his death. Sir James suggested the Metaphysical Society, which was founded in 1869 ; and he was intimate with all the great writers of his time. He wrote very little, but his Eationalism may easily be gathered from Huxley s lively corres pondence with him (Life and Letters of T. H. Huxley, 2 vols., 1900). D. Feb. 13, 1908.

KNUTZEN, Matthias, German Atheist lecturer. B. 1645. Ed. Konigsberg. After studying philosophy at Konigsberg he discarded all religion, and went about Germany teaching the authority of the human reason and conscience only. He explicitly rejected Theism as well as Chris tianity in a Latin letter (reproduced in Thomasius s Historia Atheismi, 1692). He had a few followers, but he and his movement ended in obscurity. See Eobert- son s Short History of Freethought, ii, 296. The year of his death is unknown.

KOLBE, Professor Hermann, German chemist. B. Sep. 27, 1818. Ed. Gottingen University. In 1842 he became Bunsen s assistant at Marburg, and in 1845 Play- fair s assistant at London. He returned to Marburg, where he worked with Frank- land, and in 1852 he was appointed professor of chemistry. In 1865 he passed to Leipzig. Kolbe was one of the leading organic chemists of Germany and made numerous discoveries. S.ir E. Frankland, who knew him well and often discussed religion with him, tells us that he was &quot; an Agnostic&quot; (Sketches from the Life of E. Frankland, p. 50). He edited (after 1870) the Journal fur Praktische Chemie and wrote a number of works, which are regarded as foundations of his science. D. Nov. 25, 1884.

KORN, Selig, German-Jewish orien talist. B. Apr. 26. 1804. Under the

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pseudonym of &quot; F. Nork &quot; he wrote a number of works (Mythen der alien Perser als Quellen christlicher Glaubenslehren, 1835 ; Biblische Mythologie des alien und neuen Testaments, 1842, etc.), which had considerable value at the time in tracing mythical ingredients of the Christian system. His similar treatment of the Old Testament shows that he had completely abandoned orthodox Judaism. D. Oct. 16, 1850.

KRAUSE, Ernst Ludwig, German writer (&quot; Carus Sterne&quot;). B. Nov. 22, 1839. He studied chemistry, but the emergence of evolution attracted him, and he followed the doctrine over a wide range of sciences. In co-operation with Haeckel, he founded the Eationalist monthly Kosmos, and contributed constantly to it. His Werden und Vergehen (1876) is a vivid application of evolution to the universe, which was even more popular than Haeckel s Natural History of Creation; and his later works (Die Krone der Schop- fung, 1884 ; Plaudereien aus dem Paradiese, 1886, etc.) had great influence. He wrote always as &quot; Carus Sterne,&quot; and had the same Monistic views as Haeckel. D. Aug. 24, 1903.

KRAUSE, Karl Christian Friedrich,

German philosopher. B. May 6, 1781. Ed. Jena University. Under the influence of Schelling and Fichte he became a Pantheist. Pie was appointed professor at Jena in 1802, at the Dresden Academy of Engineers in 1805, at Gottingen in 1824, and at Munich in 1831. Krause attempted to reconcile the Absolutism of Hegel with the Subjectivism of Fichte in a system which he called Panentheism. He had distinguished followers (Ahrens, Leonhardi, etc.), but his somewhat mystic system is now forgotten. D. Sep. 27, 1832.

KREJEI, Professor Franz, Bohemian

psychologist. B. 1858. After teaching

for some years in a school at Novy

Bydgov, he was appointed professor of

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