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 KALISCH

KAUTSKY

writer. B. Feb. 23, 1895. At college Mr. Kadison won medals for Greek and logic ; he was Class Orator at Graduation ; and he took a post-graduate course in Latin philology and literature. Declining the post of university instructor in German, he entered the business world ; but he occasionally publishes poems and essays in the American and English periodicals. His chief work, Through Agnostic Spectacles (1919), tells his position in its title. It includes a caustic and valuable account of &quot;Billy Sunday s&quot; plagiarisms. Mr. Kadison is a member of the E. P. A., and writes at times in the Literary Guide.

KALISCH, Marcus, Ph.D., Jewish biblical critic. B. May 16, 1825. Ed. Berlin and Halle Universities. Kalisch took part in the revolutionary movement of 1848 in Germany, and at its failure he took refuge in England. He was secretary to the chief rabbi, Dr. Adler, until 1853, when he was appointed tutor to the children of Baron Lionel Eothschild. The Eoths- childs gave him assistance in publishing a commentary on the Pentateuch, which was of value in the early days of Biblical criti cism. Exodus appeared in 1855, Genesis in 1858, and Leviticus (2 vols.) in 1867 and 1872. He wrote also a Hebrew Grammar (2 vols., 1862-63), a volume of poems (Leben und Kunst, 1868), and other works. Kalisch was a moderate Eationalist. D. Aug. 23, 1885.

KALTHOFF, Albert, German writer. B. 1850. Kalthoff was a Lutheran pastor at Bremen who grew too broad for his Church. For some years he tried to blend liberal Christianity and evolution, but in time he outgrew all theology. His Rise of Christianity (Eng. trans., 1907) is an excel lent and scholarly study of the world in which Christianity grew up. His mature views are given in his Religiose Weltan schauung (1903) and Die Religion der Modernen (1905). He joined Haeckel s 1 Monist League, and was its first President. D. 1906.

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KAMES, Lord. See HOME, HENRY.

KANT, Immanuel, German philosopher, B. Apr. 22, 1724. Ed. Konigsberg University, After a few years as private tutor, he began to teach at the university in 1755, and he became professor of logic and metaphysics in 1770. Kant s early writings are mainly physical and mathematical. His Allgemeine Naturgeschichte des Himmels (containing an early form of a sort of nebular hypothesis) was published in 1755. His philosophical views, which were largely inspired by reading Home and Hutcheson, developed slowly ; and it was not until 1781 that he wrote (in four months) his famous Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Although his later Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788) seemed to undo the destructive effect of this, by deducing a personal God and personal immortality from the moral sense, the work has had enormous influence in dissolving the old metaphysical bases of Theism. He explained away the ideas of cause and effect, contingency and necessity, etc., as purely subjective forms of thought. In his third great work, Die Religion- innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (1793), he at least discards all super- naturalism. D. Feb. 12, 1804.

KARMIN, Otto, Ph.D., Swiss writer. B. (Courland) Mar. 28, 1882. After gradu ating in philosophy, Dr. Karmin settled in Switzerland, where he was naturalized ; and he taught at Geneva University. He wrote a number of sociological works and a pamphlet (Can One Remain a Chris tian ?} which has had a large circulation. He was secretary of the International Swiss Federation of Freethinkers and President of the Geneva Circle of Monists. He was zealous and active at the annual Congresses, and to his efforts was largely due the raising of a monument to Servetus in Switzerland. D. Apr. 7, 1920.

KAUTSKY, Karl Johann, Austrian

Socialist leader. B. Oct. 16, 1854. Ed.

Vienna Gymnasium and University. He

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