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 he has written many valuable works on them. His thorough Rationalism is best seen in his Moses, Jesus, Paulus (2 vols., 1909-1910), and Hat der Jesus der Evan- gelien wirklich gelebt ? (1910). He holds that Jesus is a mythic derivation from the Babylonian Gilgamesch.

JERYAS, Charles, painter. B. (Ireland) about 1675. He studied painting under Sir Godfrey Kneller at London, and after wards in Rome, and he was so successful with portraits that he was appointed principal painter to George I and George II. Jervas married a wealthy widow, and their house, which was rich in Art treasures, was much frequented by the brilliant Deists of the day. Pope took lessons from him, and was several times painted by him ; and he was also a close friend of Lady Mary Montagu and other eminent heretics. Horace Walpole tells us that he &quot; piqued himself on total infidelity&quot; {Letters, xi, 335). Jervas translated or revised the translation of Don Quixote. D. Nov. 2, 1739.

JODL, Professor Friedrich, Ph.D., German philosopher. B. Aug. 23, 1849. Ed. Munich Humanist Gymnasium and University. In 1873 he became a teacher of general history at the Royal Military Academy, in 1880 teacher at Munich Uni versity, in 1885 professor at Prague Uni versity, and in 1896 professor of philosophy at Vienna University. He is a member of the Vienna Royal Academy of Sciences, and has written very sympathetic studies of Hume (Leben und Philosophie David Hume s, 1872) and Feuerbach, as well as various works on psychology and ethics. In 1890 he joined the editorial board of the International Journal of Ethics, and he contributes to the Monistische Jahrhundert, the organ of the German Monist League. Much influenced by Mill and Comte and Spencer in his earlier years, he has re mained faithful to the positive conception of knowledge, and dissociates ethics from religion. He is Agnostic in regard to the existence of higher powers, and regards the mind as the activity of the organism, not an immaterial entity. See his Geschichte der Ethik in der neueren Philosophie (2 vols., 1882 and 1889) and Moral, Religion, und Schule (1892). Professor Jodl is one of the most distinguished supporters of the Ethical Movement in Germany and Austria.

JOHNSON, Richard Mentor, Vice- President of the United States. B. Oct. 17, 1780. Ed. Transylvania University. John son was a Kentucky lawyer who entered politics, and was elected to the Lower House in 1805. He was a member of Congress from 1807 to 1813, when he took command of a regiment in the war against England. He was again in Congress from 1814 to 1818, and in the Senate from 1819 to 1829. Colonel Johnson was a strong supporter of General Jackson, through whose influence he was elected Vice-Presi- dent (1837-41). He was, however, un successful as Democratic candidate for the Presidentship. He wrote nothing about religion, but whenever it became a practical question, as when the Sabbatarians wanted to suppress postal service on Sundays and when religious liberty was threatened, he spoke boldly and effectively on the Ration alist side. D. Nov. 19, 1850.

JOHNSON, Samuel, D.D., American writer. B. Oct. 10, 1822. Ed. Harvard University and Divinity School. Johnson was a Unitarian minister at Dorchester, but he was compelled to resign his chapel on account of his opposition to slavery. He developed out of Unitarian theology, and in 1851 he opened a &quot;free&quot; (or Theistic) church at Lynn. His views are given in his Worship of Jesus (1868), Oriental Religions (3 vols., 1872-85), etc. See also Samuel Longfellow s Memoir of Samuel Johnson (1883). D. Feb. 19, 1882.

JOHNSTON, Sir Harry Hamilton, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., ethnologist. B. June 12, 1858. Ed. Stockwell Grammar School