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  and of the actual processes of human life" (Dr. Jameson, 1908, p. 54). D. Nov. 26, 1917.

JASTROW, Professor Joseph, M.A., Ph.D., American psychologist. B. Jan. 30, 1863. Ed. Pennsylvania University. Jastrow was fellow in psychology at John Hopkins University in 1885-86, and he has been since 1888 professor of psychology at Wisconsin University. He was head of the Psychological Section of the Chicago Exhibition in 1893, and President of the American Psychological Association in 1900; and he was for some years associate-editor of the Psychological Review. Among his many works on psychology is a Psychology of Conviction (1918), in which his Rationalism finds expression. He resents "the mist with which dogma has enveloped the atmosphere" (p. 42).

JASTROW, Professor Morris, Ph.D., American orientalist, brother of preceding. B. Aug. 13, 1861. Ed. Pennsylvania Uni versity. The Jastrows are sons of a Polish rabbi, and were brought to America in 1866. After graduating at Pennsylvania, Morris went to study oriental languages and religions at Leipzig and Paris, and on his return to America he was appointed professor of Semitic languages at Pennsylvania University. He edited James Darmesteter's Selected Essays (1895) and a number of important oriental works. His Study of Religion (1901, in the "Contemporary Science Series") best shows his independence of the creeds, Jewish or Christian, and contains a fine bibliography of the subject. He scouts the idea that one religion is superior to another (p. 127), or that any is more than a purely natural development. Professor Jastrow was President of the American Oriental Society in 1915.

Jaucourt, Louis de, F.R.S., French Encyclopedist. B. Sep. 27, 1704. Ed. Geneva, Cambridge, and Leyden Universities. Jaucourt studied nearly every branch of learning of his time, under the most eminent professors in Europe. He settled at Paris in 1736, and worked with Diderot and D'Alembert, contributing a remarkable series of articles to the Dictionnaire Encyclopedique. Jaucourt was less aggressive than his colleagues, but he admitted no creed. He was a member of the English Royal Society, and of the Academies of Berlin and Stockholm. He spoke nearly every language in Europe, and was equally acquainted with ancient and modern literature; and he had a thorough knowledge of medical science. In religious philosophy he agreed with Leibnitz rather than with the French Deists. D. Feb. 3, 1779.

JAURÈS, Professor Jean Leon, D. es L. f French Socialist leader. B. Sep. 3, 1859. Ed. Lycee Louis le Grand and Ecole Normale Superieure. Jaures, who came of a well-to-do middle-class family, took a diploma in philosophy and graduated in letters, and from 1880 to 1885 he taught philosophy at the Albi Lycée. He was then professor of philosophy at Toulouse University for four years and Republican deputy in the Chambre. In 1892 he first entered the Chambre as a Socialist, and he led his party there almost uninterruptedly until his death. In 1903-1904 he was Vice-President of the Chambre. His moderation, in his speeches and journal L'Humanite (which he founded in 1904), led him into conflict with the extreme Socialists under Jules Guesde, but he was a firm and sober anti-clerical. He and his party steadily supported the Radical-Republican bloc in the disestablishment of the Church and the secularization of France. Like most of his Socialist colleagues, Jaures was an Agnostic. He was a highly cultivated man, a serious thinker, a speaker of rare eloquence, and an idealist of the purest character. Five volumes of the Histoire Socialiste (12 vols., 1901-1908) were written by him. He was assassinated by a patriotic fanatic on July 31, 1914.

JEFFERIES, Richard, naturalist and