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 and article in the Hibbert Journal, Oct., 1916, p. 152).  IBSEN, Henrik, Norwegian dramatist. B. Mar. 20. 1828. Ed. private school Skein. Ibsen was an apothecary's apprentice for six years (1843-49), and he then went to Christiania "University to study medicine. A play which he wrote, The Warrior's Mound, was so well received that he turned from medicine to the stage, and after a short period as stage-manager at Bergen he was in 1857 appointed Director of the Norwegian Theatre at Christiania. Five years later he was awarded a travelling scholarship, and he went to Italy, where he wrote Brand (1866), Peer Gynt (1867), and several other of his great dramas. He was in Dresden from 1868 to 1874, but most of his more famous plays were written after his return to Norway. Professor Aall (Henrik Ibsen, 1906) shows that he had become a Rationalist before he was twenty, but he maintained a lenient and sympathetic attitude towards religion until 1871, when Georg Brandes inspired him with militant sentiments. His great play, The Emperor and the Galilæan (Eng. trans., 1876), is an outcome of this mood. It depicts the superiority of the Pagan to the Christian. " Bigger things than the State will fall," he wrote to Brandes in 1871; "all religion will fall" (Aall's Ibsen, p. 215). He remained Agnostic to the end, a stern enemy of all illusions, employing his severe art to bring home to people the realities of life. D. May 23, 1906.  IGNELL, Nils, Swedish writer. B. July 18, 1806. Ignell was ordained priest in 1830, and he remained a preacher for many years, though a strong suspicion of heterodoxy kept his superiors from recognizing his great ability. In time he put himself entirely outside the Church by translating Renan's Vie de Jesus; and he published an Examination of the Principal Doctrines of Lutheranism (1843), The Teaching of Jesus Christ (1844), and other Rationalist works. D. June 3, 1864.  IHERING, Professor Hermann von, M.D., Ph.D., German zoologist. B. Oct. 9, 1850. Ed. Giessen Gymnasium, and Giessen, Leipzig, Berlin, and Götingen Universities. Until 1880 Ihering was a private teacher of zoology at Erlangen and Leipzig Universities. He then went to Brazil, and was appointed naturalist to the Rio de Janeiro National Museum. He is now Director of the Sao Paolo Museum. Professor Ihering writes in English, French,  ILES, George, American writer. B. (Gibraltar) June 20, 1852. Ed. Montreal Common School. From 1857 to 1887 Mr. lies was engaged in business in Montreal, and he has a considerable number of inventions to his credit. Since 1887 he has lived in New York, where he has taken a keen interest in education, both for the child and the adult. He has for twenty years urged "the appraisal of literature," or the selection of books by competent authorities, and the provision of guidance for readers; and he gave $10,000 to the American Literary Association to defray the cost of a Guide to American History. For the Society of Political Education he edited The Reader's Guide on Economic, Social, and Political Science (1891); and he has also edited Little Masterpieces of Science (6 vols., 1902), Little Masterpieces of Autobiography (6 vols., 1908), and other works. Mr. Iles is an Agnostic and a great admirer of Ingersoll (personal know ledge, and see his Voices of Doubt and Trust, 1897).  ILIVE, Jacob, printer and writer. B. 1705. Son of a London printer, he set up in business as a type-founder and printer in 1730, and published various works of his
 * German, and Portuguese, and has made j important contributions to his science. He is a special authority on the Mollusca, and is editor of the Rivista do Museu Paulista (since 1895). In Was Wir Ernst Haeckel Verdanken (i, 402) he records his very high appreciation of Professor Haeckel and his Riddle of the Universe.